Cases exist where relatively intense livestock production exists in areas with limited arabll land: Denmark, Netherlands and North Carolina. Over time repeated manure application can result in an accumulation of phosphorus in mnaure applied soils. Most nutrient management plans are formulated on Nitrogen, preventing leaching of nitrogen from the soil. If nutrient management plans were based on phosphorus application rates land requirements would increase 4 to 8 times. Alternative solution exist to reduce the phosphorus content of manure. One of these is forced precipitation of struvite for phoisphorus removal. “Using raw swine manure, testing has demonstrated that up to 92% of reactive phosphorus can be removed by th addition of Mg2+ to the waste in the form MgO and by heating to 35 degrees Celcius to force formation of struvite. Up to 98% of the reactive phosphorus can be removed by the same procedure with anaerobially digested swine manure.” However a 95% reduction in reactive phosphorus can be achieved for half of the chemical cost.