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A low-fat liquid diet increases protein accretion and alters cellular signaling for protein synthesis in 10-day-old pigs
Posted in: Energy, Production by admin on August 5, 2011 | No Comments
Previous research showed that neonatal pigs respond to decreases in energy density of liquid diets with increased feed intake, resulting in similar performance to pigs fed a more energy-dense diet. The objective of this experiment was to determine whether a high- (25%, HF) or low-fat (2%, LF) liquid diet would affect nutrient accretion rate and select proteins involved in energy homeostasis and protein synthesis in early weaned pigs. Ninety-six pigs, with an initial BW of 3,637 g, were weaned from the sow at 10 d of age and utilized in a randomized complete block design. Pigs were blocked by BW and then assigned to pens (8 pigs/pen). Diets were formulated to provide a constant AA:ME ratio and were fed for 10 d. Pigs were killed at 10, 15, and 20 d of age, at which time blood and LM were collected, and carcasses were prepared for body composition analysis. Blood was analyzed for plasma urea nitrogen (PUN) and NEFA. Longissimus dorsi was analyzed via western immunoblot for mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and adenosine 5′ monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) phosphorylation. Pigs gained 347g/d, which resulted in an ending BW of 6,858g, regardless of dietary treatment. Pigs fed the LF diet consumed 25% more milk than pigs fed the HF diet (2,853 vs. 2,269 g dry feed・pen−1・d−1), which resulted in similar calculated ME intakes between dietary treatments (9.9 vs. 10.5 Mcal・pen−1・d−1). Feed conversion (G:F) was 24% greater in HF-fed compared with LF-fed pigs. Circulating NEFA (40 vs. 138 μEq/L) and PUN (3.0 vs. 17.7 mM) concentrations were less in LF pigs compared with HF pigs after 10 d of dietary treatments. Pigs consuming the LF diet had a 21% increase in protein accretion (50.5 vs. 61.2 g/d) and a 71% reduced lipid accretion rate (28.8 vs. 8.3g/d). Phosphorylation of AMPK was 29% less in LF pigs compared with HF pigs, whereas mTOR phosphorylation was increased by 37% in LF pigs. We conclude that feeding a LF liquid diet to pigs weaned from the sow at 10 d of age increases feed intake to regulate energy intake while maintaining growth performance. In addition, 10-d-old pigs consuming a liquid LF diet have increased protein deposition by a mechanism mediated through AMPK and mTOR.
For more information the full article can be found at http://jas.fass.org/
Comparison of dried whey permeate and a carbohydrate product in diets for nursery pigs
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Three experiments were conducted to compare dried whey permeate (DWP; 80% lactose) and a carbohydrate product (CHO; 40% lactose, 30% sucrose, and 10% glucose) for nursery pigs. Pigs were fed in a 3-phase feeding program, and diets contained 1.6, 1.4, and 1.2% total Lys for phases 1 (d 0 to 7), 2 (d 7 to 21), and 3 (21 to 28). Dietary treatments included 1) control (no lactose), 2) low level of DWP, 3) high level of DWP, 4) low level of CHO, and 5) high level of CHO. In Exp. 1 (4 reps of 4 pigs per pen; initial BW = 7 kg and 23 d of age), the low and high levels used for each source in each phase were phase 1 (12.5 and 25%), phase 2 (10 and 20%), and phase 3 (6 and 12%). In Exp. 2 (6 reps of 5 pigs per pen; initial BW = 8 kg and 26 d of age) and 3 (4 reps of 4 pigs per pen; initial BW = 6 kg and 21 d of age), the inclusion levels were phase 1 (6 and 12%), phase 2 (3 and 6%), and phase 3 (common diet with no lactose). In Exp. 1, pigs fed diets with DWP or CHO had increased ADG and ADFI compared with pigs fed the control diet during phase 1. Gain:feed was reduced for pigs fed diets with CHO. During phases 2, 3, and overall, ADG, ADFI, and G:F were not affected by diet. In Exp. 2, pigs fed diets with CHO had increased ADG and ADFI compared with pigs fed the control diet during phases 1 and 2. Pigs fed diets with CHO had increased ADFI in phases 1 and 2 and increased ADG in phase 2 compared with pigs fed diets with DWP. Overall, pigs fed diets with DWP and CHO had increased ADFI compared with pigs fed the control diet, but ADG was increased for pigs fed diets with CHO. In Exp. 3, ADG, ADFI, and G:F were not affected by DWP or CHO during phase 1. Daily BW gain was increased for pigs fed diets with DWP or CHO during phase 2 compared with pigs fed the control diet. Overall, ADG was increased for pigs fed diets with DWP, but ADFI and G:F were not affected. Results from the combined data of Exp. 2 and 3, indicated that overall ADG and ADFI were increased in pigs fed diets with DWP or CHO compared with pigs fed the control diet. These data suggest that DWP or CHO improve growth performance of weanling pigs.
For more information the full article can be found at http://jas.fass.org/
Influence of probiotics in different energy and nutrient density diets on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, meat quality, and blood characteristics in growing-finishing pigs
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The study was conducted to determine the effects of probiotics (Bacillus subtilis endospore and Clostridium butyricum endospore complex) supplementation and different energy and nutrient densities on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and meat quality in growing-finishing pigs. A total of 96 pigs with initial BW of 47.50 kg were used in a 10-wk experiment. Pigs were randomly allotted to 1 of 4 treatments in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments with 2 levels of energy and nutrient density (low and high energy, CP, and Lys) and 0.2% probiotics according to their sex and BW (6 pens, with 2 gilts and 2 barrows/pen). From 0 to 5 wk, ADG and G:F, as well as the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of N and energy, were improved in the probiotic groups and in the high-energy and high-nutrient-density groups. From 6 to 10 wk, ADG and G:F, as well as the ATTD of DM, N, and energy, were increased when pigs were fed the high-energy and high-nutrient- density diets. Pigs fed the probiotic supplement or the high-energy and high-nutrient-density diets had increased ADG and G:F overall. Moreover, pigs fed the high-energy and high-nutrient-density diets had increased meat color scores, marbling scores, drip loss values, pH, and LM area compared with those fed the low-energy and low nutrient- density diets, whereas the probiotic treatment groups had increased meat color scores, marbling scores, and redness values. The lightness and yellowness values in the low-energy and low-nutrient density dietary treatments were greater than those in the high-energy and high-nutrient-density dietary treatments. Interactive effects of dietary energy and nutrient density and probiotics were also observed on the digestibility of N at wk 10 and energy at wk 5, as well as on meat firmness at the end of the experiment. In conclusion, dietary supplementation of probiotics increased growth performance throughout the experiment and exerted beneficial effects on ATTD. Meat quality was improved when pigs were fed high energy and high-nutrient-density diets.
For more information the full article can be found at http://jas.fass.org/
Amino acid digestibility and energy concentration of high-protein corn dried distillers grains and high-protein sorghum dried distillers grains with solubles for swine
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A study was conducted to determine the AA digestibility and energy concentration of a specialized high-protein corn distillers dried grains (HPCDDG) product and a high-protein sorghum dried distillers grains with solubles (HPS-DDGS) product. Six growing barrows (BW = 22.7 kg) were surgically fitted with T-cannulas at the terminal ileum and allotted randomly to 3 treatments in a crossover design with 3 periods. The treatment diets were 1) 67% HPC-DDG and 2) 50% HPS-DDGS as the sole protein sources, and 3) an N-free diet for determining basal endogenous AA loss. All diets contained 0.25% chromic oxide as an inert marker. Digesta and fecal samples were collected and analyzed for AA and energy concentrations. After chemical analysis, standardized and apparent ileal digestible (SID and AID, respectively) AA and GE were determined for each coproduct. The DE, ME, and NE values for HPC-DDG and HPS-DDGS also were calculated. The chemical composition of HPC-DDG and HPS-DDGS on a DM basis was 40.8% CP, 5.4% fat, 22.9% ADF, 36.6% NDF, 0.04% Ca, and 0.42% P and 48.2% CP, 3.1% fat, 17.5% ADF, 20.4% NDF, 0.13% Ca, and 0.82% P, respectively. The DM content of HPC-DDG and HPS-DDGS was 89.50 and 91.88%, respectively. Analyzed AA content of HPC-DDG was greater than that of traditional corn DDGS. The Lys content of HPC-DDG was 1.36% (DM basis), resulting in a Lys-to-CP ratio of 3.2%. In HPS-DDGS, most AA were present in greater proportions than in HPC-DDG or conventional sorghum DDGS. The HPS-DDGS Lys content was 1.7% (DM basis), equivalent to a Lys-to- CP ratio of 3.5%. In HPC-DDG, the AID for Lys, Met, Thr, and Trp were 65.9, 87.0, 72.8, and 76.2%, respectively, and SID values were 67.8, 87.5, 75.0, and 78.6%, respectively. For HPS-DDGS, the AID for Lys, Met, Thr, and Trp were 51.9, 73.0, 60.6, and 71.7%, respectively, and SID values were 53.7, 73.8, 63.0, and 73.8%, respectively. The GE, DE, and calculated ME and NE values were 5,293, 3,703, 3,426, and 2,131kcal/ kg of DM, respectively, for HPC-DDG and 5,108, 3,878, 3,549, and 2,256 kcal/kg of DM, respectively, for HPSDDGS. Results indicate that both coproducts are well suited for use in swine diets and that actual AA digestibility values and calculated energy concentrations can now be used in swine diet formulation.
For more information the full article can be found at http://jas.fass.org/
Nutrient and energy retention in weaned Iberian piglets fed diets with different protein concentrations
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Fifty-eight purebred castrated male Iberian (IB) piglets (initial BW 9.9 kg) were used in an experiment to determine the effect of dietary protein content (PC) and feeding level (FL) on the rates of BW gain, whole body protein deposition (PD), and energy utilization between 10 and 25 kg of BW using the serial slaughter method. Treatments followed a 4 × 2 factorial arrangement with 4 PC (201, 176, 149, and 123 g of CP/kg of DM) and 2 FL (0.95 and 0.70 × ad libitum) and 6 or 7 piglets per combination of treatments. All diets were formulated to have an optimal AA pattern. Six piglets were slaughtered at the start of the trial to estimate initial body composition. The experimental pigs were individually housed in an environmentally controlled room (27°C) until they reached 25 kg of BW, when they were slaughtered and analyzed for body composition. Positive linear effects of dietary PC on ADG, G:F, and gain:ME intake were observed. Piglets fed at the highest FL showed greater ADG, G:F, and gain:ME intake. An average increase was estimated to be 38.0 g of gain/MJ of ME intake. Protein deposition increased linearly from 35.6 to 50.9 g/d with increasing dietary PC. A daily increase was estimated to be 0.35 g of PD/g of CP intake. Although the maximal genetic potential for PD of the IB piglet was not attained, a maximal value of 59.9 g/d for whole-body PD was achieved when the diet provided 201 g of CP/ kg of DM and was fed at 0.95 × ad libitum. Piglets on the highest FL deposited on average 39% more body protein than restricted piglets. An average value of 4.39 g increase in PD/MJ of ME intake was obtained for diets containing 201 and 176 g of CP/kg of DM. Maintenance energy requirements and net efficiency of utilization of ME for growth, calculated by linear regression of ME intake on body retained energy, were 427 kJ/kg of BW0.75・d−1 and 0.552, respectively. The corresponding partial efficiencies of utilization of ME for protein and fat deposition were 0.378 and 0.672, respectively, considerably less than the accepted values for conventional pig breeds. Practical diets of the young IB piglet should contain at least 201 g of ideal CP/kg of DM.
For more information the full article can be found at http://jas.fass.org/
Phosphorus digestibility and energy concentration of enzyme-treated and conventional soybean meal fed to weanling pigs
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Two experiments were conducted to determine the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of P and the concentration of DE and ME in enzyme treated soybean meal (SBM) and in conventional soybean meal (SBM-CV). Phosphorus digestibility in 2 enzyme-treated SBM (HP-310 and HP-340) and in SBM-CV was measured using 36 barrows (initial BW: 21.9 kg) that were housed in metabolism cages and randomly allotted to 6 diets with 6 replicates per diet. During production, HP-310 had been treated with an enzyme mixture containing no phytase, whereas HP- 340 was treated with an enzyme mixture that contained exogenous phytase. Three diets containing HP-310, HP- 340, or SBM-CV as the sole source of P were formulated. Three additional diets also contained HP-310, HP-340, and SBM-CV, but each of these diets was fortified with 500 units of microbial phytase. The ATTD of P in HP- 310 and SBM-CV increased as phytase was included in the diet (from 59.8 to 77.7% for HP-310 and from 65.5 to 79.5% for SBM-CV), but the ATTD of P in HP-340 without and with phytase was not different (83.8 and 87.7%, respectively). There were no differences in the ATTD of P between HP-310 and SBM-CV, but the ATTD of P in HP-340 was greater than in the other 2 meals. The DE and ME in corn, 2 sources of enzyme-treated SBM (HP-200 and HP-310), and in SBM-CV were measured in the second experiment using 28 barrows housed in metabolism cages (initial BW: 16.8 kg of BW). The process used to produce HP-200 is similar to that used to produce HP-310 except that HP-200 is exposed to the enzymes for a shorter period of time than HP- 310. A corn-diet consisting of 96.45% corn and vitamins and minerals was formulated. Three additional diets were formulated by mixing corn and each source of SBM with vitamins and minerals. Pigs were randomly allotted to the 4 diets with 7 replicate pigs per diet, and urine and feces were collected quantitatively during the last 5 d of a 14-d feeding period. The concentration of DE in HP-200, HP-310, and SBM-CV was 4,333, 4,316, and 4,347 kcal/kg of DM, respectively. These values were not different, but they were greater than the DE in corn (3,891 kcal/kg of DM). The concentration of ME was 3,780, 3,926, 3,914, and 3,980 kcal/kg of DM in corn, HP-200, HP-310, and SBM-CV, respectively. These values were not different. It is concluded that enzyme treatment of SBM does not influence the digestibility of P or the concentration of DE and ME in the meals.
For more information the full article can be found at http://jas.fass.org/
Amino acid digestibility and energy content of deoiled (solvent-extracted) corn distillers dried grains with solubles for swine and effects on growth performance and carcass characteristics
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A study with 3 experiments was conducted to determine the AA digestibility and energy concentration of deoiled (solvent-extracted) corn distillers dried grains with solubles (dDGS) and to evaluate its effect on nursery pig growth performance, finishing pig growth performance, and carcass traits. In Exp. 1, a total of 5 growing barrows (initial BW = 30.8 kg) were fitted with a T-cannula in the distal ileum and allotted to 1 of 2 treatments: 1) a diet with dDGS as the sole protein source, or 2) a N-free diet for determining basal endogenous AA losses in a crossover design at 68.0 kg of BW. Apparent and standardized (SID) ileal digestibility of AA and energy concentration of dDGS were determined. In Exp. 2, a total of 210 pigs (initial BW = 9.9 kg) were used in a 28-d experiment to evaluate the effect of dDGS on nursery pig performance. Pigs were allotted to 5 dietary treatments (0, 5, 10, 20, or 30% dDGS) formulated to contain equal ME (increased added fat with increasing dDGS) and SID Lys concentrations based on the values obtained from Exp. 1. In Exp. 3, a total of 1,215 pigs (initial BW = 29.6 kg) were used in a 99-d experiment to determine the effect of dDGS on growth and carcass characteristics of finishing pigs. Pigs were allotted to dietary treatments similar to those used in Exp. 2 and were fed in 4 phases. The analyzed chemical composition of dDGS in Exp. 1 was 35.6% CP, 5.29% ash, 4.6% fat, 18.4% ADF, and 39.5% NDF on a DM basis. Apparent ileal digestibility values of Lys, Met, and Thr in dDGS were 47.2, 79.4, and 64.1%, respectively, and SID values were 50.4, 80.4, and 68.9%, respectively. The determined GE and DE and the calculated ME and NE values of dDGS were 5,098, 3,100, 2,858, and 2,045 kcal/kg of DM, respectively. In Exp. 2, nursery pig ADG, ADFI, and G:F were similar among treatments. In Exp. 3, increasing dDGS reduced ADG and ADFI but tended to improve G:F. Carcass weight and yield were reduced, loin depth tended to decrease, and carcass fat iodine values increased as dDGS increased. No difference was observed in backfat, percentage of lean, or fat-free lean index among treatments. In conclusion, dDGS had greater CP and AA but less energy content than traditional distillers dried grains with solubles. In addition, when dietary fat was added to diets to offset the reduced ME content, feeding up to 30% dDGS did not affect the growth performance of nursery pigs but did negatively affect the ADG, ADFI, and carcass fat quality of finishing pigs.
For more information the full article can be found at http://jas.fass.org/
Metabolizable energy content of refined glycerin and its effects on growth performance and carcass and pork quality characteristics of finishing pigs
Posted in: Energy, Meat Quality, Production, Welfare by admin on | No Comments
Two studies were conducted with refined glycerin (97.7 and 97.5% glycerin for studies I and II, respectively) to determine ME content and effects on growth performance and carcass and pork quality measures of finishing pigs. An energy balance study using 24 barrows (21.5kg initial BW) determined the apparent ME content of glycerin using a generalized randomized block design with 2 dietary treatments: 1) control (99.85% corn + vitamins and minerals) and 2) glycerin (30% of corn in the control diet replaced with glycerin). A 7-d adaptation was followed by a 5-d collection period for feces and urine. The energy content of diets, feces, and urine was determined by bomb calorimetry. The DE of the glycerin diet was greater than that of the control diet (4,298 vs. 3,902 kcal/kg of DM); however, the ME content of the 2 diets was similar (3,820 vs. 3,723 kcal/kg of DM). The ME of refined glycerin (estimated by difference) was 3,584 kcal/ kg of DM. A growth study was conducted with 128 gilts housed in groups of 4 and reared from 92.5 kg of BW for a 28-d period, using a split-plot design with a 4 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments: 1) dietary glycerin level (0, 5, 10, and 15%) and 2) preslaughter handling (gentle vs. intense). The handling treatment was included to simulate the range in handling intensities that are likely to be experienced in practice. At the end of the 28-d period, one-half of the pens on study were slaughtered and used for carcass and pork quality evaluation with 2 pigs from each pen being subjected to each of the preslaughter handling treatments. There were no interactions between dietary glycerin and preslaughter handling treatment. Dietary glycerin had no effect on growth performance, carcass measures, or meat quality. There were no differences between the gentle and intense handling treatments for carcass or pork quality measures. In conclusion, feeding glycerin to finishing pigs at up to 15% of the diet had no negative effect on growth performance or carcass and pork quality characteristics.
For more information the full article can be found at http://jas.fass.org/
Effects of gestation and transition diets, piglet birth weight, and fasting time on depletion of glycogen pools in liver and 3 muscles of newborn piglets
Posted in: Energy, Production by admin on August 4, 2011 | No Comments
The experiment was conducted to assess the effects of maternal nutrition in late gestation on glycogen pools of newborn piglets of different birth weights and to assess how rapidly the glycogen pools in the liver and 3 muscles are mobilized during fasting. Until d 108 of gestation, 48 sows were fed a gestation standard diet (GSD) with low dietary fiber (DF, 17.1%), or 1 of 3 diets with high DF (32.3 to 40.4%) consisting of pectin residue (GPR), potato pulp (GPP), or sugar-beet pulp (GSP). From d 108 until farrowing, sows were fed 1 of 6 transition diets with low or high dietary fat: one group received a standard diet (TSD; control) containing 3% animal fat, another group received the TSD diet + 2.5 g/d of hydroxy-methyl butyrate as topdressing (THB), and 4 other groups received diets with 8% added fat from coconut oil (TCO), sunflower oil (TSO), fish oil (TFO), or 4% octanoic acid + 4% fish oil (TOA). Two piglets per litter (the second and fifth born) were blood sampled, and 1 was killed immediately after birth, whereas the other, depending on the litter, was killed after 12, 24, or 28.5 to 36 h (mean 32.5 h) of fasting. Samples of liver, LM, M. semimembranousus (SM), and M. diaphragm (DP) were collected and analyzed for glycogen concentration. No dietary effects on glycogen concentrations in liver, LM, SM, or DP were observed. The weight of the liver was affected by gestation diet and was greater in GSD and GSP piglets (36.7 and 36.3 g) than in GPR piglets (32.6 g), and intermediate (33.6 g) in GPP piglets. Liver weight, estimated muscle mass, and glycogen pools were affected by birth weight, whereas glycogen concentrations in liver and LM, SM, and DP muscles were not. Liver weight; glycogen concentrations in liver, LM, SM, and DP; and glycogen pools in liver and muscles decreased with increasing duration of fasting, and at 32.5 h of fasting, glycogen concentration was reduced by 80% in liver, 64% in DP, 46% in SM, and 36% in LM. Based on a broken-line model, labile glycogen in SM, a locomotory muscle, was estimated to be depleted after 16.4 h of fasting. In conclusion, piglet size had a major impact on estimated glycogen pools, whereas sow nutrition in late gestation had a minor impact, if any. Furthermore, varying proportions of pools of glycogen present in liver and selected muscles were mobilized, and data indicate that newborn piglets are fatally depleted of energy after 16 h of fasting.
For more information the full article can be found at http://jas.fass.org/
Effects of restricting energy during the gilt developmental period on growth and reproduction of lines differing in lean growth rate: Responses in feed intake, growth, and age at puberty
Posted in: Energy, Production by admin on July 26, 2011 | No Comments
The overall objective was to compare reproductive performance through 4 parities of gilts developed with ad libitum access to feed or with restriction of energy to 75% of ad libitum intake. Effects on growth and pubertal development are reported. The experiment was a 2 × 2 factorial with 661 gilts. One-half of the gilts (n = 330) were allowed ad libitum access to feed from weaning to breeding at 235 d of age (AL), and 331 littermates were developed with ad libitum access to feed to 123 d of age and then restricted to 75% of ad libitum intake to 235 d of age (Res). Diets for gilts on regimen AL were formulated to meet requirements for growth. All nutrients except energy and selenium were increased in the diet fed to gilts on regimen Res so that nutrient intake per unit of BW was expected to be similar to that of gilts on regimen AL. Sires of all gilts were from an industry maternal line. Dams were either an industry Large White-Landrace cross, or Nebraska selection Line 45, producing gilts denoted as LW/LR and L45X, respectively. Traits were recorded every 2 wk. Recording of feed intake and BW began at 53 d of age, and recording of backfat (BF) and LM area (LMA) began at 123 d of age. Estrus detection began at 140 d of age to determine age at puberty (AP). The G:F ratio from 123 to 235 d of age for gilts on the AL regimen was greater (0.269 vs. 0.257) than for gilts on the Res regimen; the greatest difference occurred in the first 2-wk period following feed restriction. The LW/ LR gilts were heavier, had less BF, and had greater LMA than L45X gilts, but interactions with feeding regimen and period of development existed. Feed restriction reduced BW, BF, LMA, and ratio of BF to BW, but had little effect on ratio of LMA to BW. More L45X gilts than LW/LR gilts (98 vs. 93%) and more gilts developed on regimen AL than regimen Res (98 vs. 91%) expressed estrus. Mean age at puberty was 178.6 d for LW/LR and 173.0 d for L45X gilts and 174.1 d for regimen AL and 177.5 d for regimen Res. The Res regimen delayed pubertal development. Subsequently, it will be important to determine effects on reproduction through 4 parities.
For more information the full article can be found at http://jas.fass.org/