Modelling Emissions

Posted in: Environment by admin on January 1, 1997 | No Comments

For the development of odour emission model to study odour emission reduction, the chemical and physical properties of roughly 200 different gases that constitute odour from livestock production has to be better known. As for ammonia, the formation process, the diffusion and the transport in and out the livestock facility must be better understood and described. The process can be modeled by floor models, section models and airflow models. The section model is presented as being less known. This model attempt to sum up the diffusion coming from different areas or section of an animal house ( for example in a swine building with slatted floor: wet floor in animal area, back of the wet slatted floor, stored manure under the slats, wet side wall, wet and dirty animals). To be able use prediction ammonia emission models, more measurements have to be done and more knowledge of the emission processes have to be acquired.

Deep Litter Materials and the Ammonia Emissions in Fattening Pig Houses

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An appreciation of odour (as no measures are presented) showed that the sawdust bedding produced lower odour nuisance compared to straw litter and that the aerated litter also produced less odours. The pig performances showed no negative effect from the deep litter system. More work has to be done to find the optimum conditions for the good composting and nitrification and denitrification process that lower the NOx emissions as this system present advantages in reducing odour nuisance and improving the animal welfare.

Accuracy of a Windtunnel System for Measuring Ammonia Emissions after Slurry Application

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Outdoor trials have to be made to test the tunnel. The outdoor conditions have to be reproduced at the tunnel level to give significant results.

Problems arise when city meets county.

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The conflicts in Fraser Valley in British Columbia are becoming more frequent as many houses are built close to farms and the new neighbors come to the countryside for the scenery and don’t realize the nuisance associated with intensive agriculture (noise, smell, flies, dust). Approved environmental plan is needed when considering farm expansion. Concerns are directed toward manure management and also toward water supply as B.C. farmers have been blamed by Washington State for downstream contamination of the Abbotsford Aquifer.
Margaret Crowley, director of the policy development at B.C. Federation of agriculture mention that the agricultural code of practice and the province’s right-to-farm legislation will have to be considered as the municipalities have 3 years to make their bylaws conform to both. Local governments will be advised on farm practices by an agriculture advisory peer group already set up and the farmers facing complaints will be visited by this group to find solutions where needed.

Advisory peer groups is an interesting tool to help control the situation and find solutions with the farmers. Education is often the beginning of the solutions as the farmers and local governments have more tools and understanding in addressing the problems.

Design of a Large Flush Gutter Swine Finish Facility

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Flush gutters system have been designed for a facility of 8,000 finishing swine. The manure produced was land applied using a center pivot irrigation system around the surrounding land from a lagoon system that was collecting swine manure and also the rainfall runoff from the land surrounding. The publication presents the design concept of the facility.

No information is given on the amount of water needed per year and also on the nutrients management of the applied diluted slurry and the land surface needed considering the slurry produced. No information also is given on the disposal of the solid removal that probably accumulate at the bottom of the lagoon.

Guidelines for Establishing and Managing Livestock Operations

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The agriculture operations Act adopted by the province of Saskatchewan is presented. Its main provisions are : protection for farmers for unwarranted nuisance lawsuits; a mechanism for resolving nuisance disputes; and protection of surface and groundwater. Guidelines are given for establishing or expanding livestock operations, managing livestock operations and handling nuisance complaints. Considering establishing and expanding, the public process is discussed along with siting, land uses and permits, approval and licences requirements. Different aspects of operations management are discussed such as : site, ventilation systems, manure, traffic, livestock, dead animals, pest and animal welfare.

Ammonia Emission from Pig Buildings and Charactristics of Slurry Produced by Pigs Offered Low Crude Protein Diets

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The manure produced with the low crude protein diet is lower in ammonium-N. However considering the fertilization done with this manure, not only the nitrogen has to be lower but also the phosphorous which become the limit in some conditions. The statistical analysis gives valuable information on the real differences between the treatments.

Control of Odours by Dietary Manipulation

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Control odour emissions by dietary manipulations involve could be an interesting odour reduction mean as the intervention on odour is done at the beginning of the waste management process and could limit the need for air treatment investments. Two experimental reduce crude protein (RCP) diets were tested against a commercial diet (CD) as feed to fattening pigs. The first RCP diet was made out of bean and peas (BP) and the other one was fishmeal and soya based (FS), both contained barley and wheat and were supplemented synthetic amino acids to obtained an ideal ratio of essential amino acids. Gas chromatography – mass spectrometry was used to identify and quantify the major odour components found in the headspace of fresh pig slurry. Results showed in comparison with CD results, that 9 out of 10 odorous components were reduced in the slurry produced by the pigs fed the FS (P<0.05) as for the BP, reduction was measured for 4 odorants (P<0.05). This shows that not only the crude protein content of a diet has an effect on odorants production but also the diet components affect the odour components of found in the headspace of the fresh manure. For both BP and FS, the ammonia emissions were reduced by 40% compare to CD and other parameters such as pH, dry matter content, total and organic nitrogen were also reduced. The reduction of odorous compounds by the reduction of the crude protein in the diet is very interesting because this reduction is done directly as the manure is produced. However a reduction of certain components may not necessarily mean odour reduction as the authors present it. Odour from slurry comes from many different components and conclusions could not be drawn on measured reductions of 10 compounds. Furthermore the hedonic odor tone (pleasant or unpleasant) has also to be verified to conclude on an improvement in the odor.

Guideline to Assess the Protection Distance to Avoid Annoyance by Odour Sensation Caused by Livestock Husbandry.

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The Austrian guidelines are presented and compared to guidelines from Switzerland, Germany and the Netherlands. The comparison analysis is more complete in the publication presented
in: Assessment of the protection distance to avoid annoyance by odour sensation caused by livestock husbandry by Austrian guideline. 1997. G. Schauberger and M. Piringer

Control of Manure Odors

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This is a general summary of methods to control manure odor. This includes source and identification of odorous gases and vapours, techniques to minimize the formation of odourous gases and managing animal enterprises for odour control.