Control of Ammonia Emissions with Biofilters and Bioscrubbers

Posted in: Environment by admin on January 1, 1988 | No Comments

The biofilter and bioscrubber systems are well presented with details on the operation and on the capacity of both systems. The authors stress the fact that both systems will maintain a good efficiency only if they are well maintain and operated under controlled conditions. The biofilter material need to be changed and disposed properly as it is the case also for the sludge produced by the bioscrubber. Both substrates become charged with nutrients that hav to be disposed according to this charge.

Ammonia Loss from Surface-Applied Animal Slurry under Sustained Drying Conditions in Autumn

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The authors mention that the ammonia emissions obtained may be considered as the maximum obtainable losses under autumn conditions, as the no precipitation occurred during the experimental period and precipitation is know to lower ammonia emissions considerably.

Controlling odors from swine buildings

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Odor control on a swine confinement facility can be a major concern to the farmer. Problems with odor can arise in the form of neighbor complaints and can occasional lead to legal proceedings. Using odor preventive strategies, the community and the hog facility can happily coexist. An odor is a subjective measure, what determines a bad odor is highly dependent on individuals’ attitude, and past experience. Facilities, which appear clean and aesthetic from the exterior, are much less susceptible to complaints. Complaints of water pollution, flies, and noise, can be avoided by choosing an adequate location during the design phase of the facility. Generally speaking, gases and other compounds produced in swine farming seldom exceed safe air standards that are hazardous to humans. Only under certain situations (manure agitation) do dangerous gas concentrations prevail. Thus, odors are seen as nuisance pollutants. Utilizing the appropriate preventive measures most of these nuisances can be avoided.

Production rates of toxic gases from liquid manure: Health implications for workers and animals in swine buildings

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Respiratory symptoms and alterations in pulmonary function tests in swine producers in Saskatchewan: Results of a survey of farmers

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Measuring Ammonia Emission from Livestock Buildings and its Legal Regulation in Hungary

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Increasing problems on natural environment, pollution of water reserves, and are seen in Hungary as a result of the raising of large-scale livestock activities. Several devices for ammonia concentration evaluation of the air coming from ventilation are available for manual or semi-automatic sampling. The use of appropriate electric sensors leads to direct measures of ammonia concentration and measuring instruments can also be used for follow the variation in time of the concentration emitted. New laws have been adopted in Hungary to protect the purity of air and limit the emissions depending on the geographical location and the current load in this area. The emissions limits for ammonia vary from 1 to 1,5 kg/h and fine (equivalent to $0-50 US per ton of pollutant) are imposed for units that exceed this emission limit.
The publication is more oriented toward cattle and broiler production. However the ammonia emission level considered in the regulation is common to all livestock production. The level of ammonia emissions from a livestock building of 1 – 1,5 kg / h can be brought down to an ammonia concentration of mg/m3 and return than to the ventilation rate in m3/h. No links are make to a number of animals which make an analysis difficult.

Lagoon Planning and Design for Livestock Systems

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Broad information is given on manure design and emphasis is put on the need of proper management to make sure that biodegradation is done in the lagoon therefore minimizing odors and other nuisance. Proper desigh will tend to lower the maintenance needs as manure management is a lower priority in swine industry. Emissions from lagoons are important particularly for the nitrogen. Nutrients are then lost to the atmosphere as NH3, NOX, N2O and N2. The biodegradation is possible only under relativley warm weather conditions (higher 10 C). In Canada, these conditions are not reach during periods of time that are long enough to make manure treatment in lagoons.

As presented lagoons has to be considered as a storage system in most of Canada and not as an anaerobic treatment as it is used in many of the southern states in the U.S.

Spreading of Slurry on Ley

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The results obtained are interesting concerning strip application. Not much analysis is done to explain the fact that for the same nitrogen fertilizing level, the fertilization done with the slurry resulted in less yield. No statistical analysis is presented to help analyze the results.

Improved Nitrogen Fixation by Acidification and Dehydration of Slurry

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The addition of acid to manure to an optimum level of around pH 5 can fix the nitrogen. Further addition of acid to obtain a lower pH value does not improve the nitrogen fixation, for pH high than 5, ammonia losses are greater however not as great as if no acidification is done. The concentration of potassium is increased by the dehydration process and the addition to the manure of orthophosphoric acid (H3PO4-) results in a higher phosphorus concentration in the treated manure. The slurry resulting from the dehydration is difficult to handle and could be mixed to ground vegetable wastes to be used as organic manure.
The experiments were done on a small scale level. Some economic analysis is done for the acidification treatment however not much information is given on the dehydration process.

Sludge and Slurry Disposal Techniques and Environmental Problems – A Review

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The authors mention that the choice of the equipment will be justified with the local conditions particularly regarding odour complaints. In some case, rather than making the high investments needed to purchase the sophisticated equipment and the more powerful tractor required the farmers could turn to specialist contractors or shared machinery systems.