{"id":7584,"date":"2011-07-14T19:30:37","date_gmt":"2011-07-14T19:30:37","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/prairieswine.com\/rsc\/?p=7584"},"modified":"2011-07-14T19:30:37","modified_gmt":"2011-07-14T19:30:37","slug":"factors-influencing-feed-conversion-in-the-finisher-barn","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/prairieswine.com\/rsc\/factors-influencing-feed-conversion-in-the-finisher-barn\/","title":{"rendered":"Factors influencing feed conversion in the finisher barn"},"content":{"rendered":"

With the current state of the industry, feed conversion ratio (FCR) is one of the most important numbers to control the feed cost\/shipped pig.\u00a0 With negative margins per pig it is important to lower the cost, in order to minimize losses. What are realistic targets for FCR in the finisher barn and what factors most influence FCR?\u00a0 This is a big subject and we review some of the factors in this article.<\/p>\n

Typical FCR<\/h1>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

A typical FCR for finishing pigs would be around 3.0.\u00a0 However, the range is huge, with variations from 2.6 – 3.4.\u00a0 Realistically, most commercial herds are in the 2.8 – 3.2 range.<\/p>\n

The cost of 0.1 feed conversion calculation would be:<\/p>\n

0.1 x (shipping weight \u2013 starting weight) x price of feed\/kg<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Current example – 0.1 x (120 \u2013 25) x 0.275 = $2.61<\/strong><\/p>\n

So the range of 0.4 could mean a difference of $10.44 \/shipped pig.<\/p>\n

Factors influencing FCR<\/h1>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

FCR is simply feed used (not feed eaten) per kg weight gain. There are many factors that influence feed usage and weight gain and some are given below<\/p>\n

1.\u00a0 Feed wastage<\/em><\/strong> is notoriously difficult to measure but, where this has been estimated in studies, a range from 2.5-10% is not unusual, with floor feeding of meal being particularly poor (despite looking clean!). This range also applies to wet feeding.<\/strong><\/p>\n

    \n
  • extra 7% wastage vs 2.80 feed conversion = 0.196 FCR = $ 5.12 \/shipped pig<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

    \u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

    2.\u00a0 Feed nutrient density<\/em> <\/strong>in finishing feeds is generally lower than it was some years ago when fat was \u201ccheap\u201d.\u00a0 A finisher trial conducted by the Prairie Swine Centre showed that raising the energy level from 3090 kcal DE\/kg to 3570 kcal DE\/kg (+ 15.5%) and maintaining the lysine:DE ratio, improved the FCR\u00a0 by 14.1% (Table 1).\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong><\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

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    \u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

    Table 1: Effect of dietary energy density (3090, 3340, 3570 kcal DE\/kg)<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
    Parameter<\/strong><\/td>\n3090 <\/strong><\/td>\n3340 <\/strong><\/td>\n3570 <\/strong><\/td>\nDifference vs 3090 (=100)<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Kcal DE \/kg<\/td>\n3090<\/td>\n3340<\/td>\n3570<\/td>\n100.0 \u2013 108.1 \u2013 115.5<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Initial weight,kg<\/td>\n31.2<\/td>\n31.5<\/td>\n31.1<\/td>\n\u00a0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Final weight, kg<\/td>\n115.1<\/td>\n115.3<\/td>\n115.6<\/td>\n\u00a0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    ADG, g\/day<\/td>\n1000<\/td>\n1030<\/td>\n1050<\/td>\n100.0 \u2013 103.0 \u2013 105.0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    ADFI, kg<\/td>\n2.76<\/td>\n2.67<\/td>\n2.49<\/td>\n\u00a0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    FCR<\/td>\n2.76<\/td>\n2.59<\/td>\n2.37<\/td>\n100.0 \u2013\u00a0\u00a0 93.8 \u2013\u00a0\u00a0 85.7<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Feedcost $\/ton<\/td>\n163.07<\/td>\n208.07<\/td>\n247.26<\/td>\n\u00a0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Feedcost $\/kg gain<\/td>\n0.450<\/td>\n0.539<\/td>\n0.586<\/td>\n100.0 \u2013 119.8 \u2013 130.2<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Fat, mm<\/td>\n16.83<\/td>\n18.33<\/td>\n19.39<\/td>\n\u00a0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Lean, mm<\/td>\n61.65<\/td>\n62.72<\/td>\n61.06<\/td>\n\u00a0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

    \u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

    In this trial the FCR improved by 14.3% (3090 vs 3570), but to get there the feed cost increased by 30.2%, therefore always look at the balance of price of feed and FCR in order to get the lowest feed cost\/kg gain<\/p>\n

    3.\u00a0 Feed form (meal vs. pellets vs. wet) <\/em><\/strong>influences FCR through changes in energy digestibility, intake, gut health, and feed wastage. This is also compounded by particle size.\u00a0 Prairie Swine Centre compared the differences between these different feed forms and in different feeders in an experiment (Table 2).<\/p>\n

    Table 2: The effect of feed form and feeder type on ADG and FCR<\/h1>\n

    \u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
    Type feed<\/strong><\/td>\nFeeder type<\/strong><\/td>\nADG (g\/day)<\/strong><\/td>\nADFI (kg)<\/strong><\/td>\nFCR<\/strong><\/td>\nImprovement FCR vs mash\/dry feeder<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Mash<\/td>\nDry<\/td>\n792<\/td>\n2.50<\/td>\n3.16<\/td>\n\u00a0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Mash<\/td>\nWet\/Dry<\/td>\n903<\/td>\n2.38<\/td>\n2.64<\/td>\n+ 16.5%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Pellet<\/td>\nDry<\/td>\n868<\/td>\n2.48<\/td>\n2.86<\/td>\n+ 9.5%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Pellet<\/td>\nWet\/Dry<\/td>\n899<\/td>\n2.37<\/td>\n2.64<\/td>\n+ 16.5%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

    \u00a0<\/p>\n

    4.\u00a0 Average Daily Feed Intake (ADFI)<\/em> <\/strong>probably has the biggest impact on performance.\u00a0 A higher feed intake impacts both energy and amino acid intake.\u00a0 This impact is usually bigger than varying the nutrient density.\u00a0 Studies at the University of Alberta showed a large difference in ADFI among pigs (gilts 50-100kg), which varied between 1.57 to 3.15 kg\/day.<\/strong><\/p>\n

    There are many factors affecting ADFI: <\/span><\/p>\n

    Health status<\/p>\n

    Dietary factors (energy density, amino acids balance, particle size, additives)<\/p>\n

    Water (type of drinkers, flow rate, ease of access, quality)<\/p>\n

    Feeding systems (wet\/dry\/liquid, pigs\/feeder space, access to feeder)<\/p>\n

    Management (weight at entry, moving\/mixing, stocking density, pigs\/pen)<\/p>\n

    Genotype\/sex<\/p>\n

    Environment in the barn (temperature, temp. fluctuations, drafts, air quality)<\/p>\n

    Production system (all in\/all out, fill time)<\/p>\n

    (adapted from Whittemore, 1998)<\/em><\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

    ADFI in the early growth phase<\/span><\/h1>\n

    It is critical to have a good intake in this stage.\u00a0 Pigs normally can\u2019t reach their maximum lean gain potential in this phase, because of insufficient intake. The growth in this phase is very economical because high lean gain, which contains a high percentage of water, has a very good feed conversion.\u00a0 There is also less fat deposition at this stage, which is very high in energy and has a high feed conversion.<\/p>\n

    An example generated with the NRC model illustrates this very well (Table 3).<\/p>\n

    Table 3: Expected impact of intake on performance with NRC model<\/strong><\/p>\n

    25 kg, high lean gain pigs (375g lean gain\/day). 3300 kcal DE\/kg, $300\/ton<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
    Feed intake (kg\/day)<\/strong><\/td>\nExpected Daily gain<\/strong><\/td>\nProtein Tissue gain<\/strong><\/td>\nFat Tissue gain<\/strong><\/td>\nExpected FCR<\/strong><\/td>\n% fat in total gain<\/strong><\/td>\n% fat in extra gain<\/strong><\/td>\nFeed cost\/<\/strong><\/p>\n

    kg gain<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

    1.00<\/td>\n473<\/td>\n342<\/td>\n102<\/td>\n2.12<\/td>\n21.6<\/td>\n\u00a0<\/td>\n$0.636<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    1.20<\/td>\n604<\/td>\n428<\/td>\n140<\/td>\n1.99<\/td>\n23.2<\/td>\n29.0<\/td>\n$0.597<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    1.40<\/td>\n735<\/td>\n513<\/td>\n178<\/td>\n1.91<\/td>\n24.2<\/td>\n29.0<\/td>\n$0.573<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

    \u00a0<\/p>\n

      \n
    • Improving the feed intake will improve the ADG (mainly lean gain, limited fat gain) and\u00a0\u00a0 the feed conversion resulting in lower feed cost\/kg gain.<\/em><\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

      \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong><\/p>\n

      ADFI in the finishing phase<\/span><\/h3>\n

      In the finishing stage pigs can normally easily reach their maximum lean gain potential.\u00a0 Once they reach their maximum lean gain, the remainder of the nutrients will be directed towards fat deposition.\u00a0 The following NRC model generated table illustrates those dynamics (Table 4).<\/p>\n

      Table 4: Expected impact of intake on performance with NRC model<\/strong><\/p>\n

      100 kg, high lean gain pigs (375 g lean gain\/day), 3190 kcal DE\/kg, $250\/ton<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
      Feed intake (kg\/day)<\/strong><\/td>\nExpected Daily gain<\/strong><\/td>\nProtein Tissue gain<\/strong><\/td>\nFat Tissue gain<\/strong><\/td>\nExpected FCR<\/strong><\/td>\n% fat in total gain<\/strong><\/td>\n% fat in extra gain<\/strong><\/td>\nFeed cost<\/strong><\/p>\n

      \/kg gain<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

      2.60<\/td>\n948<\/td>\n615<\/td>\n277<\/td>\n2.74<\/td>\n29.2<\/td>\n\u00a0<\/td>\n$0.822<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      3.00<\/td>\n1064<\/td>\n615<\/td>\n386<\/td>\n2.82<\/td>\n36.3<\/td>\n94.0<\/td>\n$0.846<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
      3.40<\/td>\n1180<\/td>\n615<\/td>\n494<\/td>\n2.88<\/td>\n41.9<\/td>\n93.5<\/td>\n$0.864<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

      \u00a0<\/p>\n

        \n
      • High intakes in the finishing stage will improve the ADG (almost exclusively fat gain),\u00a0\u00a0 which results in a higher feed conversion giving a higher feed cost\/kg gain and less desirable carcass.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

        \u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

        5.\u00a0 Space allowance<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

        Studies have found a negative impact of crowding on productivity and welfare, measured mainly on small groups.\u00a0 Prairie Swine Centre conducted a study on the impact of crowding in small groups (18 pigs) and large groups (108 pigs).\u00a0 Space allowance was expressed using an allometric approach relating bodyweight to floor area, as determined by the equation: k<\/em> = area(m\u00b2)\/BW (kg)^0.667.\u00a0 Below k<\/em> = 0.035, space becomes restrictive and growth depression begins (Table 5).<\/p>\n

        Table 5: The effect of space allowance on pig growth<\/h1>\n

        \u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

        Small group\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Small group\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0 Large group\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Large group<\/strong><\/p>\n

        \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Uncrowded\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Crowded\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Uncrowded Crowded<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
        Pigs \/ group<\/td>\n36<\/td>\n36<\/td>\n108<\/td>\n108<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
        m\u00b2 (sqft)\/pig<\/td>\n0.78 (8.4)<\/td>\n0.52 (5.6)<\/td>\n0.78 (8.4)<\/td>\n0.52 (5.6)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
        Start weight, kg<\/td>\n38.01<\/td>\n38.02<\/td>\n36.55<\/td>\n36.97<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
        End weight, kg<\/td>\n96.21<\/td>\n93.95<\/td>\n93.10<\/td>\n91.29<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
        ADG, g\/day<\/td>\n1098<\/td>\n1049<\/td>\n1055<\/td>\n1016<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
        ADFI, kg\/day<\/td>\n2.78<\/td>\n2.87<\/td>\n2.77<\/td>\n2.80<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
        FCR<\/td>\n2.53<\/td>\n2.73<\/td>\n2.62<\/td>\n2.76<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

        \u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

        Overall, crowded pigs had a poorer FCR and lower ADG than the uncrowded pigs.\u00a0 The first sign of growth depression in response to crowding occurred much sooner for the pigs in large groups compared with pigs in small groups.\u00a0 In the large groups, the critical point (k<\/em> value) at which crowding and growth depression began was k= 0.042, while k=0.035 was the critical point for pigs housed in the small groups.<\/p>\n

        In the different growth stages on farm, space allowance should be based on the end weights per phase, for optimal growth, feed conversion (Table 6).<\/p>\n

        Table 6: Optimal space allowance at different weights (m\u00b2\/pig, (sqft\/pig))<\/strong><\/p>\n

        \u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

        Weight of pig\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 25kg\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 50kg \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 75kg\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 100kg\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 110kg\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0m\u00b2 (sqft)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 m\u00b2 (sqft)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 m\u00b2 (sqft)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 m\u00b2 (sqft)\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 m\u00b2 (sqft)<\/strong><\/p>\n

        Small group (k<\/em>=0.035) 0.30 (3.2)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 0.48 (5.1)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 0.62 (6.7)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 0.76 (8.1)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 0.80 (8.7)<\/p>\n

        Large group (k<\/em>=0.042) 0.36 (3.9)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 0.57 (6.1)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 0.75 (8.0)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 0.91 (9.7)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 0.97 (10.4)<\/strong><\/p>\n

        \u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

        6.\u00a0 Other factors<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

        \u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

        Environment <\/span><\/h3>\n

        This <\/strong>influences energy requirements and thus feed intake. Pigs kept below their Lower Critical Temperature will eat more and convert more poorly.<\/strong><\/p>\n

        \u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

        High carcass fat<\/span><\/h3>\n

        See above<\/strong><\/p>\n

        \u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

        Genotype <\/span><\/h3>\n

        Pigs with a higher lean gain potential are better able to convert the nutrients efficiently into lean gain and will have less fat tissue gain, resulting in a better feed conversion.<\/p>\n

        \u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

        Disease<\/h4>\n

        This normally increases mortality, but also the immune response diverts nutrients away from lean growth towards fighting disease.\u00a0 The reduction in lean growth leads to a deterioration in FCR.\u00a0 This may be severe \u2013 as much as 0.5.\u00a0 Feed intake is normally reduced, the extent depending upon the actual disease.\u00a0 Feed intake depression is particularly acute with pneumonia.<\/strong><\/p>\n

        \u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

        Clearly there are a huge number of factors that influence weight gain, apparent feed intake, and thus FCR, so attention to these can help to reduce feed costs.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

        With the current state of the industry, feed conversion ratio (FCR) is one of the most important numbers to control the feed cost\/shipped pig.\u00a0 With negative margins per pig it is important to lower the cost, in order to minimize losses. What are realistic targets for FCR in the finisher barn and what factors most 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