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Evaluation of antibiotic effects on phosphorus digestibility and utilization by growing-finishing pigs fed a phosphorus-deficient, corn-soybean meal diet

Posted in: Environment, Production by admin on August 5, 2011 | No Comments

Evaluations of the nutritional impact of antibiotics have largely centered on effects related to the digestibility and utilization of protein and energy. Recent research has demonstrated that virginiamycin increases P digestibility. Because of the importance of P in diet cost and in waste management plans, the present study evaluated the potential impact of 2 additional antibiotics, bacitracin methylene disalicylate (bacitracin) and tylosin, on P digestibility in swine. A total of 48 barrows (mean initial BW, 63.0 to 82.9 kg) were used in 2 nutrient balance experiments. A basal cornsoybean meal diet that was not supplemented with any inorganic source of P was used in each experiment. In Exp. 1, two diets were tested: basal vs. basal plus 33.1mg of bacitracin/kg of diet. In Exp. 2, two diets were also tested: basal vs. basal plus 44.1 mg of tylosin/kg of diet. In both experiments, the pigs were fed their diets for a minimum of 12 d before fecal and urine collection, and pigs were fed the diet at 2.7% of BW during the adaptation and collection period. In Exp. 1, the apparent DM, Ca, and P digestibility values for the basal and bacitracin diets were 91.69, 65.96, and 43.03 vs. 91.47, 65.46, and 41.79%, respectively, and did not differ by diet. In Exp. 2, the DM, Ca, and P digestibility values for the basal and tylosin diets were 91.03, 62.17, and 38.80 vs. 91.11, 63.20, and 40.10%, respectively, and did not differ by diet. The effect of the antibiotics on gut microflora was also appraised but the evaluations failed to demonstrate an effect on the microflora measured, with the exception that tylosin decreased the number of phytate-utilizing bacteria . Therefore, because these 2 antibiotics did not demonstrate an improvement in P digestibility, improvements in P digestibility seem to be an antibiotic-specific response rather than a generalized antibiotic response.

For more information the full article can be found at http://jas.fass.org/

Phosphorus utilization and characterization of excreta from swine fed diets containing a variety of cereal grains balanced for total phosphorus

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Intrinsic phytase in swine feeds may increase phytate utilization and alter the solubility of the excreted P. The objective of this experiment was to quantify changes in fecal P composition from swine fed a variety of cereal grains containing a range of phytate concentrations and endogenous phytase activities. Twenty-five crossbred barrows (89.3kg) were fed 1 of 5 dietary treatments that were based on wheat, corn, barley, low-phytate barley, or high-fat–low-lignin oats. Experimental diets were formulated to contain 75% of the test grain and were fed for a 7-d acclimation period followed by a 3-d fecal collection period. Total-tract apparent digestibility coefficients were determined for DM, P, and phytate using an indicator method. Fecal P was characterized using solution-state 31P nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Watersoluble P (WSP) and WSP-to-total P (TP) ratio were determined in the feces. Apparent total-tract digestibility coefficients for P and phytate ranged from 0.33 (barley) to 0.45 (low-phytate barley) and from 0.20 (corn) to 0.79 (oats), respectively. The majority of P excreted in the feces was in the form of phosphate (>47% of TP), and phytate degradation was not related to the endogenous phytase activity in the diet. There was a positive linear relationship between dietary NDF and apparent total-tract phytate digestibility (r2 = 0.82), indicating that greater dietary fiber content may enhance microbial breakdown of phytate in the hindgut. There was a negative relationship between the fecal WSP-to-TP ratio and the percentage of TP that was in the form of phytate in the feces. In summary, our results indicate that the majority of P in the feces of pigs fed diets based on cereal grains is present in the form of phosphate and relatively small amounts of phytate were contained in the excreta. The exception to this was the corn diet, for which 45% of the total fecal P was in the form of phytate. Hydrolysis of phytate in the gut did not appear to be related to the content of either phytate or phytase in the grain, but was related to dietary fiber concentration.

For more information the full article can be found at http://jas.fass.org/

Effect of reduced dietary calcium concentration and phytase supplementation on calcium and phosphorus utilization in weanling pigs with modified mineral status

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The present study was conducted to assess the effect of 2 dietary Ca concentrations on P and Ca digestive and metabolic utilization in weanling pigs fed diets providing practical concentrations of P, with or without phytase. The responses of pigs fed diets adequate or moderately deficient in Ca and P postweaning were compared. A total of 60 pigs weaned at 28 d of age were used. Two groups of 30 pigs with differing mineral status resulted from a 10-d depletion period, during which the animals received depletion diets (DD) that consisted of corn-soybean meal with either 1.42% Ca and 0.80% P (DD+) or 0.67% Ca and 0.43% P (DD−), designed to achieve the same Ca:digestible P ratio. At the end of the depletion period, a plasma sample was taken from each pig and 12 pigs (6 from each group) were slaughtered for bone assessment to establish the baseline mineral status. The animals fed the DD− diet had signs of P deficiency with reduced plasma P (13%) and femur ash concentration (8%), and increased plasma Ca (9%) and alkaline phosphatase activity (31%). For the subsequent 25-d period, the remaining 24 pigs from each group were fed 1 of 4 repletion diets: 1) 0.56% P, 1.06% Ca; 2) 0.56% P, 0.67% Ca; 3) diet 1 + 1,000 phytase units (FTU) of Natuphos phytase/kg; and 4) diet 2 + 1,000 FTU of Natuphos phytase/kg. Total feces and urine were collected from d 5 to 11, and a blood sample was taken from each pig at d 11 and 25. The initial moderate P deficiency (DD−) stimulated Ca absorption (5%), irrespective of the repletion diet, and stimulated P absorption (5%; DD × phytase) , only when the diets contained phytase. At the end of the repletion period, because of these compensatory phenomena, the depleted pigs achieved full recovery of femur DM and ash weight when they received phytase, whereas ash concentration tended to remain reduced by 3%. Phosphorus digestibility was improved in the diets supplemented with phytase (73.0 vs. 56.0%), whereas an increase in dietary Ca decreased P digestibility (65.6 vs. 63.4%). Those 2 effects were independent, indicating that dietary Ca reduced equally P digestibility with and without phytase and did not influence the efficiency of phytase in releasing P in the digestive tract. In pigs fed diets with phytase, however, the reduction of Ca (Ca:P from 1.9 to 1.3) increased urinary P losses 5-fold. Those extra losses were due to a lack of Ca for skeleton ash deposition, resulting in a 4% reduction in femur ash concentration. In the end, reducing the dietary Ca:P from 1.9 to 1.3 in a practical diet containing 0.56% P did not improve the efficiency of phytase in releasing P. Moreover, the reduction in dietary Ca (Ca:P) caused an imbalance between Ca and P that impaired bone mineralization.

For more information the full article can be found at http://jas.fass.org/

Effect of phytase on apparent total tract digestibility of phosphorus in corn-soybean meal diets fed to finishing pigs

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Five experiments were conducted to investigate the ability of different phytase products to improve P digestibility in finishing pigs. A corn-soybean meal basal diet containing 0.50% Ca, 0.32% P, and 0.40% Cr2O3 was used to calculate apparent P and GE digestibility. Pigs were individually penned and fed their respective diet for ad libitum intake for 12 d before fecal sampling on d 13 and 14 and blood collection on d 14 for plasma P determination. Experiments 1 through 4 used gilts with across-trial average initial and final BW of 84 and 97 kg, respectively. Pigs were fed Natuphos (Exp. 1), OptiPhos (Exp. 2), Phyzyme (Exp. 3), or RonozymeP (Exp. 4) at 0, 200, 400, 600, 800, or 1,000 phytase units (FTU)/kg (where 1 FTU is defined as the quantity of enzyme required to liberate 1 μmol of inorganic P per min, at pH 5.5, from an excess of 15 μmol/L of sodium phytate at 37°C). Experiment 5 used barrows with initial and final BW of 98 and 111 kg, respectively, and were fed diets containing 0, 500, or 1,000 FTU/kg of Natuphos, OptiPhos, Phyzyme, or RonozymeP. Pigs fed Natuphos (Exp. 1) and OptiPhos (Exp. 2) exhibited a linear and quadratic improvement in P digestibility with increasing levels of dietary phytase, whereas pigs fed Phyzyme (Exp. 3) and RonozymeP (Exp. 4) exhibited a linear improvement in apparent P digestibility with increasing levels of dietary phytase. In Exp. 5, the improvement in apparent P digestibility with increasing levels of dietary phytase was linear for Natuphos, Phyzyme, and RonozymeP, but was linear and quadratic for OptiPhos. Based on regression analysis, inorganic P release at 500 FTU/kg was predicted to be 0.070, 0.099, 0.038, and 0.030% for Natuphos, OptiPhos, Phyzyme, and RonozymeP, respectively. These estimates are comparable with those of pigs in Exp. 5, for which the estimated inorganic P release at 500 FTU/kg was 0.102, 0.039, and 0.028% for OptiPhos, Phyzyme, and RonozymeP, respectively, but not for the 0.034% value determined for Natuphos. The effect of dietary phytase on GE digestibility was inconsistent with a linear improvement in GE digestibility noted for OptiPhos (Exp. 2 and 5) and RonozymeP (Exp. 4), but the quadratic improvement for Natuphos. There was no effect of dietary phytase on plasma inorganic P. The data presented show clear improvements in P digestibility, with the estimated level of inorganic P release being dependent on phytase source and level.

For more information the full article can be found at http://jas.fass.org/

Efficacy of different commercial phytase enzymes and development of an available phosphorus release curve for Escherichia coli-derived phytases in nursery pigs

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In 2 experiments, a total of 184 pigs (PIC, initial BW of 10.3 and 9.7 kg for Exp. 1 and 2, respectively) were used to develop an available P (aP) release curve for commercially available Escherichia coli- derived phytases. In both experiments, pigs were fed a corn-soybean meal basal diet (0.06% aP) and 2 diets with added inorganic P (iP) from monocalcium phosphate (Exp. 1: 0.075 and 0.15% aP; Exp. 2: 0.07 and 0.14% aP) to develop a standard curve. In Exp. 1, 100, 175, 250, or 500 phytase units (FTU)/kg of OptiPhos 2000 or 200, 350, 500, or 1,000 FTU/kg of Phyzyme XP were added to the basal diet. In Exp. 2, 250, 500, 750, or 1,000 FTU/kg of OptiPhos 2000; 500, 1,000, or 1,500 FTU/kg of Phyzyme XP; or 1,850 or 3,700 FTU/ kg of Ronozyme P were added to the basal diet. One FTU was defined as the amount of enzyme required to release 1 μmol of iP per minute from sodium phytate at 37°C. For all phytase products, the manufacturer-guaranteed phytase activities were used in diet formulation. All diets were analyzed for phytase activity using both the Phytex and AOAC methods. Pigs were blocked by sex and BW and allotted to individual pens with 8 pens per treatment. Pigs were killed on d 21, and fibulas were collected and analyzed for bone ash. In both experiments, increasing iP improved G:F and percentage bone ash. Pigs fed increasing OptiPhos had improved percentage bone ash, as did pigs fed increasing Phyzyme XP. In Exp. 2, increasing Ronozyme P improved percentage bone ash. Using analyzed values from the AOAC method and percentage bone ash as the response variable, an aP release curve was developed for up to 1,000 FTU/kg of E. coli-derived phytases (OptiPhos 2000 and Phyzyme XP) in P-deficient diets. The prediction equation was Y = –0.000000125X2 + 0.000236X + 0.016, where Y = aP release (%) and X = analyzed phytase (FTU/kg) in the diet.

For more information the full article can be found at http://jas.fass.org/

Phosphorus digestibility and energy concentration of enzyme-treated and conventional soybean meal fed to weanling pigs

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Two experiments were conducted to determine the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of P and the concentration of DE and ME in enzyme treated soybean meal (SBM) and in conventional soybean meal (SBM-CV). Phosphorus digestibility in 2 enzyme-treated SBM (HP-310 and HP-340) and in SBM-CV was measured using 36 barrows (initial BW: 21.9 kg) that were housed in metabolism cages and randomly allotted to 6 diets with 6 replicates per diet. During production, HP-310 had been treated with an enzyme mixture containing no phytase, whereas HP- 340 was treated with an enzyme mixture that contained exogenous phytase. Three diets containing HP-310, HP- 340, or SBM-CV as the sole source of P were formulated. Three additional diets also contained HP-310, HP-340, and SBM-CV, but each of these diets was fortified with 500 units of microbial phytase. The ATTD of P in HP- 310 and SBM-CV increased as phytase was included in the diet (from 59.8 to 77.7% for HP-310 and from 65.5 to 79.5% for SBM-CV), but the ATTD of P in HP-340 without and with phytase was not different (83.8 and 87.7%, respectively). There were no differences in the ATTD of P between HP-310 and SBM-CV, but the ATTD of P in HP-340 was greater than in the other 2 meals. The DE and ME in corn, 2 sources of enzyme-treated SBM (HP-200 and HP-310), and in SBM-CV were measured in the second experiment using 28 barrows housed in metabolism cages (initial BW: 16.8 kg of BW). The process used to produce HP-200 is similar to that used to produce HP-310 except that HP-200 is exposed to the enzymes for a shorter period of time than HP- 310. A corn-diet consisting of 96.45% corn and vitamins and minerals was formulated. Three additional diets were formulated by mixing corn and each source of SBM with vitamins and minerals. Pigs were randomly allotted to the 4 diets with 7 replicate pigs per diet, and urine and feces were collected quantitatively during the last 5 d of a 14-d feeding period. The concentration of DE in HP-200, HP-310, and SBM-CV was 4,333, 4,316, and 4,347 kcal/kg of DM, respectively. These values were not different, but they were greater than the DE in corn (3,891 kcal/kg of DM). The concentration of ME was 3,780, 3,926, 3,914, and 3,980 kcal/kg of DM in corn, HP-200, HP-310, and SBM-CV, respectively. These values were not different. It is concluded that enzyme treatment of SBM does not influence the digestibility of P or the concentration of DE and ME in the meals.

For more information the full article can be found at http://jas.fass.org/

Effects of tryptophan supplementation on aggression among group-housed gestating sows

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The objective of this study was to determine the effects of dietary Trp supplementation on mixing-induced aggression and the associated stress, and on reproductive performance in gestating sows. After weaning, sows were mixed in pens with electronic sow feeders on concrete-slatted floors. Each pen housed 21 sows, with approximately 2.7m2/sow of floor space allowance. Multiparous sows (n = 168) from 8 breeding groups were used, with 4 groups assigned to a control diet and 4 groups assigned to a high-Trp diet. Control sows received corn- and soybean meal-based diets throughout gestation (0.15% Trp) and lactation (0.21% Trp). Three days before and after mixing, sows assigned to the high-Trp treatment received approximately 2.3 times the dietary Trp (0.35% in the gestation diet and 0.48% in the lactation diet) fed to control sows. Six focal sows (2 sows from each of parity 1, 2, and 3 or greater) in each pen were designated and videotaped for 72 h after mixing to determine the type and number of aggressive interactions among sows. Before and 48 h after mixing, saliva samples were collected from focal sows, and scratches were assessed on all sows. Data were analyzed using the FREQ and GLIMMIX procedures (SAS Inst. Inc., Cary, NC). Aggression among sows was intense during the initial 6 h and decreased between 6 and 72 h after mixing. The initial aggression caused scratches and increased cortisol concentrations. Mature sows tended to fight for longer periods (112 vs. 52 s/h per sow) but had fewer scratches caused by aggression (injury score = 4.3 vs. 6.5) than parity-1 sows. Supplementation of dietary Trp reduced the total duration of head-to-head knocking but did not affect other aggressive behaviors. There was no difference between dietary treatments in injury scores or saliva cortisol concentrations. Sows in the high-Trp treatment had more total piglets born (12.5 vs. 10.5 pigs/litter) and more stillborn piglets (1.5 vs. 0.8 pigs/litter), but had no significant change in piglets born alive (10.8 vs. 9.7 pigs/litter) compared with control sows. The results indicate that the initial aggression after mixing caused more injuries in young sows than in mature sows. Supplementation of dietary Trp at 2.3 times the control amount for a short period did not effectively reduce aggression and the associated stress in sows at mixing.

For more information the full article can be found at http://jas.fass.org/

Additivity of effects from dietary copper and zinc on growth performance and fecal microbiota of pigs after weaning

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Four experiments were conducted todetermine the interactive effects of pharmacologicalamounts of Zn from ZnO and Cu from organic (Cu-AA complex; Cu-AA) or inorganic (CuSO4) sources ongrowth performance of weanling pigs. The Cu was fedfor 4 (Exp. 1) or 6 (Exp. 2, 3, and 4) wk after weaning,and Zn was fed for 4 (Exp. 1) or 2 (Exp. 2, 3, and 4) wkafter weaning. Treatments were replicated with 7 pensof 5 or 6 pigs per pen (19.0 d of age and 5.8 kg of BW, Exp. 1), 12 pens of 21 pigs per pen (about 21 d of age and 5.3 kg of BW, Exp. 2), 5 pens of 4 pigs per pen (20.3 d of age and 7.0 kg of BW, Exp. 3), and 16 pens of 21 pigs per pen (about 21 d of age and 5.7 kg of BW, Exp. 4). In Exp. 1 and 2, Cu-AA (0 vs. 100 mg/kg of Cu) and ZnO (0 vs. 3,000 mg/kg of Zn) were used in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement. Only Exp. 1 used in-feed antibiotic (165 mg of oxytetracycline and 116 mg of neomycin per kilogram feed), and Exp. 2 was conducted at a commercial farm. In Exp. 3, sources of Cu (none; CuSO4 at 250 mg/kg of Cu; and Cu-AA at 100 mg/kg of Cu) and ZnO (0 vs. 3,000 mg/ kg of Zn) were used in a 3 × 2 factorial arrangement. In Exp. 4, treatments were no additional Cu, CuSO4 at 315 mg/kg of Cu, or Cu-AA at 100 mg/kg of Cu to a diet supplemented with 3,000 mg/kg of Zn from ZnO and in-feed antibiotic (55 mg of carbadox per kilogram of feed). In Exp. 1 and 2, both Zn and Cu-AA improved ADG and ADFI. No interactions were observed, except in wk 1 of Exp. 2, where Zn increased the G:F only in the absence of Cu-AA (Cu- AA × Zn). A naturally occurring colibacillosis diarrhea outbreak occurred during this experiment. The ZnO addition reduced the number of pigs removed and pig-days on antibiotic therapy. In Exp 3, ADFI in wk 2 was improved by Zn and Cu with no interactions. In wk 1, G:F was reduced by ZnO only in the absence of Cu (Cu × Zn). Feeding Zn decreased fecal microbiota diversity in the presence of CuSO4 but increased it in the presence of Cu-AA (Cu source × Zn). In Exp. 4, Cu supplementation improved the overall ADG and G:F. The CuSO4 effect on G:F was greater than the Cu-AA effect. Our results indicate that pharmacological amounts of ZnO and Cu (Cu-AA or CuSO4) are additive in promoting growth of pigs after weaning.

For more information the full article can be found at http://jas.fass.org/

Relative bioavailability of phosphorus in inorganic phosphorus sources fed to growing pigs

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The relative bioavailability of P in 5 sources of inorganic P was determined using growing pigs. The 5 sources of inorganic P were dicalcium phosphate (DCP), monocalcium phosphate (MCP) containing 50% MCP (MCP50), MCP containing 70% MCP (MCP70), MCP containing 100% MCP (MCP100), and monosodium phosphate (MSP). A total of 11 diets were formulated. The basal diet was formulated to contain 0.10% P, and 10 additional diets were formulated by adding 0.07 or 0.14% P from each of the 5 P sources to the basal diet. Growing pigs (n = 44; initial BW: 16.8 kg) were individually housed and randomly allotted to the 11 experimental diets. Feed was provided on an ad libitum basis throughout the 28-d experimental period. At the conclusion of the experiment, all pigs were killed, and 4 bones (i.e., the third and fourth metacarpals on both front feet) were harvested. Bone-breaking strength, bone ash, and Ca and P concentrations were determined. The concentration of bone ash increased as MCP50, MCP70, MCP100, or MSP were added to the basal diet, and the concentration of bone P also increased as MCP70, MCP100, or MSP were added to the basal diet. The relative bioavailability of P in each of the feed phosphates was determined using slope ratio methodologies based on breaking strength, and expressed relative to MSP. The slope of the regression line for diets containing MSP or MCP100 was steeper than the slope for pigs fed the diet containing DCP, but not different from that of pigs fed diets supplemented with MCP50 or MCP70. In conclusion, P in MSP and MCP100 is more bioavailable than P in DCP, but there were no differences within MCP sources.

For more information the full article can be found at http://jas.fass.org/

Use of Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation product on growth performance and microbiota of weaned pigs during Salmonella infection

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Anaerobically fermented yeast products are a rich source of nutritional metabolites, mannanoligosaccharides, and β-glucans that may optimize gut health and immunity, which can translate into better growth performance and a reduced risk of foodborne pathogens. The objective of this study was to quantify the effects of Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation product (Diamond V Original XPC) inclusion in nursery diets on pig performance and gastrointestinal microbial ecology before, during, and after an oral challenge with Salmonella. Pigs (n = 40) were weaned at 21 d of age, blocked by BW, and assigned in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement consisting of diet (control or 0.2% XPC) and inoculation (sterile broth or Salmonella). Pigs were fed a 3-phase nursery diet (0 to 7 d, 7 to 21 d, and 21 to 35 d) with ad libitum access to water and feed. On d 14, pigs were orally inoculated with 109 cfu of Salmonellaenterica serovar Typhimurium DT104 or sterile broth. During d 17 to 20, all pigs were treated with a 5 mg/kg of BW intramuscular injection of ceftiofur-HCl. Growth performance and alterations in the gastrointestinal microbial ecology were measured during preinoculation (PRE; 0 to 14 d), sick (SCK; 14 to 21 d), and postinoculation (POST; 21 to 35 d). Body weight and ADG were measured weekly. Rectal temperature (RT) was measured weekly during PRE and POST, and every 12 h during SCK. Diet had no effect on BW, ADG, or RT during any period. Inclusion of XPC tended to increase Salmonella shedding in feces during SCK. Consumption of XPC altered the composition of the gastrointestinal microbial community, resulting in increased populations of Bacteroidetes and Lactobacillus after Salmonella infection. Pigs inoculated with Salmonella had decreased ADG and BW, and increased RT during SCK. Furthermore, fecal Salmonella cfu (log10) was modestly correlated with BW (r = −0.22), ADFI (r = −0.27), ADG (r = −0.36), G:F (r = −0.18), and RT (r = 0.52) during SCK. After antibiotic administration, all Salmonella-infected pigs stopped shedding. During POST, an interaction between diet and inoculation on ADG indicated that pigs infected with Salmonella grew better when eating XPC than the control diet. The addition of XPC to the diets of weanling pigs resulted in greater compensatory BW gains after infection with Salmonella than in pigs fed conventional nursery diets. This increase in BW gain is likely associated with an increase in beneficial bacteria within the gastrointestinal tract.

For more information the full article can be found at http://jas.fass.org/

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