SEARCH
Industry Partners
Prairie Swine Centre is an affiliate of the University of Saskatchewan
Prairie Swine Centre is grateful for the assistance of the George Morris Centre in developing the economics portion of Pork Insight.
Financial support for the Enterprise Model Project and Pork Insight has been provided by:
Mycotoxin Detection and Solutions
Posted in: Pork Insight Articles, Production by student on July 6, 2018 | No Comments
Author: Donald W. Giesting
Reference: Banff Pork Seminar Proceedings 2018
Summary: Mycotoxins threaten the economic viability of commercial animal business’s, influencing both the health and performance of livestock. Of the over 250 mold toxins present, there is a small portion that has implications for the swine industry. Swine producers in Canada focus mainly on the predominant toxins deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone (ZEA).
Mycotoxins have the ability to damage internal organs, impact reproductive function, impact immune response, imbalance of antioxidant systems, and predispose animals to a secondary infection. These effects have strong implications for the viability of swine enterprises.
When analyzing the risk of the mycotoxin it is important to consider: conditions that favour mold growth, determine the effect of the mycotoxin and the action level, and establish meaningful estimates of mycotoxin levels in grains.
DON: Sometimes referred to as vomitoxin appears to be the most problematic in the U.S. and Canada. DON contamination causes reductions in feed intake which results in poor gain and decreases lactation performance. Levels in excess of 1ppm have been reported to slightly impact swine, especially young pigs.
ZEA: Highly problematic when fed to developing gilts and reproducing sows, results in premature mammary and genital development. Levels greater than 0.5ppm pose a limited risk, but levels greater than 1 ppm are highly problematic.
Reducing risk
- Avoid contaminated grains
- Use technology to limit risk of unavoidable contamination
- Have good handling and storage procedures in place to reduce contamination risk
Highlighting New & Innovative Technology from Around the Globe
Posted in: Pork Insight Articles, Production by student on | No Comments
Author: Mike Cronin
Reference: Banff Pork Seminar Proceedings 2018
Summary: Birch Grove Pork, is a project in Iowa and is a Global Animal Partnership (GAP). It incorporates innovative animal welfare technology into a large scale facility. Animal welfare is defined by three overlapping components: health and productivity, natural living, and emotional well being.
Health and Productivity: involves raising animals in a means that they are of good health and productive.
Natural Living: raising animals so that they have the means to express their natural behaviors
Emotional Well Being: raising animals in an environment that minimizes boredom and allows them to be playful and happy.
In order for a barn to reach the requirements of a GAP 5-StepTM Animal Welfare Rating Program there are certain regulations that they must adhere to. This includes a minimum of 75% solid flood, a weaning age of 28 days minimum, antibiotic use as necessary, tagged animals sold to a separate market, bedding through gestation and farrowing, no crates or pens, tails are not docked and teeth are not clipped. Animals may be castrated by it must be completed by ten days of age, anything past ten days must be completed by a veterinarian.
More standards can be viewed at www.globalanimalpartnership.org
When developing Birch Grove Park, the Cronin’s faced a series of issues, including:
- Large scale straw distribution systems are not yet available
- Biosecurity challenges due to increased items entering the barn on an ongoing basis
- Solid concrete floors hold more bacteria and have negative implications for animal health
- Scheduling is challenging as half the time there is an increased demand for labour
- Increased importance of record keeping
Training Sows & Staff for the Transition from Stall to Pens: The Role of the Human-Animal Interaction
Posted in: Pork Insight Articles, Production by student on July 3, 2018 | No Comments
Author: Thomas D. Parsons
Reference: Banff Pork Seminar Proceedings 2017
Summary: According to Parsons, the greatest challenge when converting to loose sow housing, is the human aspect of the transition. These housing systems reveal when the human-animal interactions are not fully understood or tended to. One essential aspect is training the sows to utilize an electronic sow feeding system.
There have been three characteristics that highlight success in an animal agricultural worker. These characteristics are willingness, capacity and opportunity. In reference to a pen gestation worker each of these characteristics has a unique definition.
Willingness: when looking at loose housing systems, identifying individuals who are malleable and adequately manage change is key. It is beneficial if they are motivated by challenges and embrace change. In some instances it is better if the individuals have no prior experience in a crated gestation facility.
Capacity: with regards to loose housing systems, refers to the skill and knowledge that they have with regards to a sow farm. It is critical to have a proper training program in place to provide technical skills to the workers as well as an opportunity to develop practical experience.
Opportunity: opportunity does not solely pertain to the stock person, however is a reflection of farm level management decisions. This would encapsulate the working conditions, co-worker interactions/actions, organizational policy, staffing requirements, pay scales, and incentives among others.
Training gilts to use systems such as ESF is critical to success of the operation. In this process, human interactions can be the most influential with regards to the success of the gilts. Training and supervision of employee’s will improve the transition from gestation stalls to loose housing systems.
Raised Without Antibiotics: Analyzing the Impact to Biologic and Economic Performance
Posted in: Pork Insight Articles, Production by student on | No Comments
Author: Clayton Johnston
Reference: Banff Pork Seminar Proceedings 2018
Summary:
Concern for antibiotic resistance has lead to an expected decrease in antibiotic use in animal agriculture. RWA (raised without antibiotics) is a certification developed to ensure consumers the animals products they are consuming have been produced without the use of antibiotics.
Products produced antibiotic free have a premium placed on them, however it is important that producers compare the cost to production with potential revenues to calculate the impact to net profit.
Cost Estimates: Cost estimates are specific to the genotypes, nutritional programs, and process in which the transition from conventional to RWA was made. Studies have estimated that switching to RWA would result in approximately $4.40/CWT increase over 14 months. This price increase is due to decreased ADG in nursery, decreased F:G and increased mortality rate.
Revenue Impact Estimates: Most producers that have high health herds market 75-85% of pigs into RWA market, and the other 15-25% not meeting RWA standards.
A partial budget can be developed to evaluate financial effect. It is calculated through examining added income and costs as well as reduced costs and income. If the outcome is negative, it indicates a change will reduce producer profits. A positive outcome indicates that the change will increase producer profits.
Other considerations: Precision agriculture principles need to be employed to reduce antibiotic use, as precautionary measures when using antibiotics will no longer be applicable.
Avoiding Landmines Converting to Loose Sow Housing
Posted in: Pork Insight Articles, Production by student on | No Comments
Author: Mark Fynn
Reference: Banff Pork Seminar Proceedings 2017
Summary:
Considerations when converting barns to loose sow housing:
1. Slatted flooring: Slatted flooring posses challenges to gilts and sows, especially in groups. As a result, it is suggested to use bedded flooring or partially slatted flooring. Research has demonstrated that when utilizing slatted flooring there are ideal sizes for the gap: between 0.75-1 inch. As smaller than 0.75 has negative implications for drainage and greater than 1 inch affects foot health.
2. Clean(er) pens: Loose sow housing can be an issue because pens are chronically dirty. To overcome this in partially slatted barns make specific areas more comfortable for resting as they will not defecate there. This can be done by having solid flooring or bedding, keeping the area dry, reducing draft, and having walls for them to rest against.
3. Escape Features: Submissive sows need to be given the opportunity to escape from aggressive sows as some aggression is unavoidable. In a mixed parity group space allowance should be at least 19 feet per animal. Partitions allow the sows to escape, as well as passageways that create circular traffic flow. Tight spaces should also be reduced, as they hinder a submissive sows ability to escape.
4. Space: All walls an obstacles should have at least 10 feet between them to allow a sow to escape from another sow. Passageways should be at least 8 feet wide, although 10 feet is still recommended.
5. Best Management Practices:
- Sow mixing should occur at a time that is not critical to embryo implantation (7-28 days post breeding, after breeding and heat, or around 28 to 35 days post-breeding).
- Keeping sows in stable (static) groups, dynamic can occur however with more oversight and management strategies
- Sorting animals into size and parity when possible
- Consideration of pen condition
6. Preventing feeding time competition: Use of ESF or free-access ESF can reduce competition. Ensure optimal space at entry of ESF.
Canadian Alternatives for Dietary Antibiotics as Growth Promotants
Posted in: Pork Insight Articles, Production by student on | No Comments
Authors: Martin Nyachoti and Hossain Manik
Reference: Banff Pork Seminar Proceedings 2017
Summary: Although feed antibiotics have aided in production there is movement to reduce and eliminate the use of antibiotics in feed due to various risks. These risks include risks to human health. As a result a plethora of products have been produced to replace antibiotic use, all of which have varying degrees of effectiveness.
Canadian alternatives that have been developed include:
- Egg yolk antibiotics
- Raw potato starch
- Pre- and probiotics
- Organic acids
- Feed enzymes
- Lysozyme
- Plant extracts (phytogenics)
- Use of low crude protein diets
Egg yolk antibiotics: Egg yolk antibiotics are produced in response to a specific antigen. There is variability in effectiveness, which is a result of many factors such as low gut pH and breakdown from pepsin digestion.
Raw potato starch: Studies have displayed raw potato starch to have potential to be an alternative to antibiotics in piglets to control post-weaning diarrhea.
Pre- and probiotics: Have been displayed to positively influence growth performance, nutrient digestibility, immunity, intestinal, fecal microbiota and diarrhea score in pigs.
Organic Acids: Through studies organic acids have been shown to be effective. They have become accepted alternatives to antibiotics as growth promoters in swine. They inhibit gut infections and improve the population of beneficial bacterial. They also improve nutrient digestibility and growth performance.
Feed Enzymes: Enzyme breakdown products have been displayed to maintain gut barrier function during the presence of an E.coli infection. They contribute to robust pigs through possibly eliminating dietary compound and anti nutritional factors which interfere with nutrient utilization.
Lysozyme: In an antibiotic free diet, lysozyme has displayed positive indicators of gut health, resulting in a decreased population of pathogenic bacteria.
Plant Extracts: Beneficial effects include: improvement of growth parameters, immunity and gut microbial balance in swine. There has been limited studies revolving around the implications of medicinal effects of plants in animal diets, however the studies completed do have positive outcomes.
Electronic Sow Feeding Experience
Posted in: Pork Insight Articles, Production by student on | No Comments
Author: Kevin D Stuckey
Reference: Banff Pork Seminar Proceedings 2017
Summary:
Cooper Farms has gone through the process of opening two barns that are pen gestation units. When looking at options for feeding systems they chose to use Electronic Sow Feeding (ESF) stations, as they felt it gave them the best opportunity to individual feed the sows and decrease aggression.
They have opened two operations, Fox Tail a 2,500 head operation and Pheasant Run which is a 5,000 head operation. Fox Tail was the first operation, which was built between 2012-2013. In this system they utilized post implantation static pens for the sows and dynamic flow for gilts.
Pheasant Run was opened in 2016, continuing with the same basic concepts as Fox Tail. They still utilized post-implantation static pens for the sows and dynamic flow for the gilts. Pheasant run was able to learn from the struggles of Fox Tail. One aspect that was more focused on was gilt training. The facility spent more time training people to train gilts.
Looking forward for Cooper Farms, the next farm they build will still utilize electronic sow feeding. They are looking into technology such as pedometers – which are used in the dairy industry. Pedometers track steps, increased steps are an indication that they sow is cycling and decreased steps is an indication that something is wrong.
One issue the company has struggled with is management, initially they wanted to incorporate inexperienced management that would be more accepting of the ESF. However, they have learned that knowledge of running a sow operation is an asset.
Piglet Livability as KPI & How to Influence
Posted in: Pork Insight Articles, Production by student on June 29, 2018 | No Comments
Author: A.A.M. van Wesel, M. van den Bosch
Reference: Banff Pork Seminar Proceedings 2018
Summary:
Livability is a characteristic that defines the piglets quality of life. It is calculated by:
Livability = 100% – ((#stillborn + #preweaning mortality)/ total born))
Preweaning piglet mortality is estimated to be between 12 -15%, with many factors influencing the mortality rate. Piglet livability is a multi-factorial characteristic involving:
- Colostrum intake
- Suckling behavior
- Body condition of the sow
- Vascularization of the placenta
- Duration of farrowing process
- Oxygen supply before and during the birthing process
The characteristics listed above are only a few, there are many other contributors to piglet livability.
Research has focused on nutritional strategies to aid in increasing the livability of piglets. There are three main areas where nutritional intervention has influence on piglets:
1) Period from estrus to embryonic implantation
2) Period around farrowing
3) Neonatal piglet from a few days to post farrowing to weaning
At the time of weaning, antioxidant concepts have been displayed to be effective in increasing piglet birth weight as well as piglet weight at the time of weaning. There is a correlation between the sow’s stool hardness and quantity of still births. In order to mitigate this issue it is recommended that feeds be formulated with the right amount of fiber.
LivapigTM is a patent pending the utilizes the same concept as athletes consuming red beetroot juice. Nitric oxide is increased in the sows blood a few days before farrowing, resulting in an overall increase in piglet livability of 1.5% through the course of this trial.
Piglet livability is important for both the economics of the facility, but also for the overall welfare of the animals. Increasing livability can be done through nutritional strategies. These strategies should be aimed at increasing piglet birth weight.
I’m Farming and I Grow It
Posted in: Pork Insight Articles, Production by student on | No Comments
Author: Greg Peterson
Reference: Banff Pork Seminar Proceedings 2018
Summary: Agricultural advocacy is an important topic in modern day society with special importance on rectifying misconstrued information. Recently, the Peterson Brothers decided to take agricultural advocacy to another platform. The brothers developed parody music videos posting them to YouTube as a way to reach many people. The videos have been very popular being viewed over 50 million times in 200 countries.
Impacts of Lameness, Longevity & Inflammation on Productivity & Management of the Sow Herd
Posted in: Pork Insight Articles, Production by student on | No Comments
Author: Mark E. Wilson Ph.D., Zach J. Rambo, Ph.D., and Melanie K. Beckam, MS.
Reference: Banff Pork Seminar Proceedings 2018
Summary: There are many underlying causes of lameness including: poor skeletal structure, claw lesions, inferior environmental conditions, diseases such as osteochondrosis or mycoplasma hyosynoviae, and improper handling. In swine production, the overall goal is to improve production in hopes of mitigating the effects and decrease the overall amount of lameness. The focus of this article is the implications of different types of minerals on overall claw tissue.
There are large production implications with lame sows as they have a tendency to decrease feed intake, have poor milk production, increased number of laid on piglets, poor performance of progeny in grow-finish, and a higher percentage of death loss.
In a study conducted by Anil et al. (2009) it was determined that claw lesions and lameness were reduced by adding Zn, Mn, and Cu to the diet. Lameness is one of the greatest reasons for sows culled in their reproductive stages. This has large implications for overall production as longevity has a large economic value. Gilts have smaller piglets as well as decreased IgG production compared to multiparous sows.
Amino acid complex materials assist in supporting the immune system. This helps corium and horn tissue proliferate and heal, speeding up the process of healing for claw lesions. In addition to the diet, environmental conditions also play a role in lameness in sows. Things that should be considered for optimal sow health are the flooring conditions, sow movement and handling, and sow structure. Including metal amino acid complexes is a great starting point for mitigating lameness.