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Prairie Swine Centre is an affiliate of the University of Saskatchewan
Prairie Swine Centre is grateful for the assistance of the George Morris Centre in developing the economics portion of Pork Insight.
Financial support for the Enterprise Model Project and Pork Insight has been provided by:
Pain management and Enrichment for Pigs – Jennifer Brown 2017
Posted in: Pork Insight Articles, Prairie Swine Centre, Welfare by admin on May 2, 2017 | No Comments
Summary:
Powerpoint outlining new guidelines that came into place as of July 2016 regarding pain managment and enrichment
PAIN MANAGEMENT
As of July 1st 2016: Castration performed at any age must be done with analgesics to help control post-procedure pain, while castration performed after 10 days of age must be done with anesthetic and analgesic to control pain.
Pain control is now required at castration and tail docking
Brown also outlines several options avoiding castration focusing on Improvest an immunocastration method approved in Canada that requires approval for slaughter by individual packers as they must monitor for boar taint.
The other option to avoid castration discussed is slaughtering males early before sexual maturation to avoid castration and boar taint.
ENRICHMENT
“Pigs must be provided with multiple forms of enrichment that aim to improve the welfare of the animals through the enhancement of their physical and social environments”
The purpose of enrichment is
Increase the number and range of normal behaviours
Prevent, or reduce the severity, of abnormal behaviours
Increase positive utilization of the environment (e.g. use of space)
Increase the ability to cope with behavioural and physiological challenges
While different enrichment’s are discussed Brown notes that pigs seemed to prefer the tray feeders over the enrichment’s as they could preform rooting behaviour.
Managing feeding to reduce feed wastage in lactation – Dr.Dan Columbus 2017
Posted in: Economics, Nutrition, Pork Insight Articles, Prairie Swine Centre, Production by admin on May 1, 2017 | No Comments
Electronic feeding systems have multiple advantages over manual feed delivery including collection of feed intake data, controlled delivery of fresh feed, reduced feed wastage, and lower labour costs. However, these feed systems can be costly to install and maintain.
A simple feeding system was developed to reduce this cost consisting of a feed drop tube that extends to approximately one inch above the base of the feeder, which required the sow to manipulate the tube to release small quantities of feed.
A total of 45 sows and litters were randomly assigned to one of three feeding systems – manual feeding, a commercially available electronic sow feeder, or the modified system.
The type of feeding system used had no effect on sow body weight, body condition score, or back fat. Sow feed intake was significantly higher with manual feeding when compared to the other two feeding systems in the first two weeks of lactation, no difference was evident in the third week.
It was found that manual feeding of sows during lactation can result in higher feed usage with no corresponding increase in sow or litter productivity. At today’s feed prices, the reduction in feed intake associated with the electronic or modified feeding system would save producers an estimated $8.50 per lactation when compared to manual feeding. Therefore, the electronic and modified feeding systems should be considered to minimize feed wastage and maximize returns.
Managing feeding to reduce feed wastage in lactation – Dr.Dan Columbus 2017
Developing effective enrichments for group-housed sows – V. Kyeiwaa, J.Brown, Y.Seddon and L.Connor 2017
Posted in: Pork Insight Articles, Prairie Swine Centre, Production, Welfare by admin on | No Comments
The overall aim of these studies is to develop suitable enrichments for sows by identifying simple, safe and cost-effective enrichments that can be added to group sow housing systems, and form part of their routine husbandry practices.
Four different enrichment treatments were provided to sows in group housing. Each enrichment object had properties known to be attractive to pigs. Time spent interacting with different enrichments was compared to the daily activity patterns of sows in order to identify the most effective enrichment for sows.
The four treatments consisted of: 1) constant provision of wood on chains, 2) rotation of three objects rope, straw, wood on chain, 3) rotation of three objects with an associative stimulus bell or whistle, and 4) control (no objects: Control).
It was found that regardless of the treatment provided, on average 15 per cent of sows were out of their free-access stalls and present in the loafing area of the pen throughout the day. Provision of enrichment to group-housed sows can help increase the use of pen space, and that rotating enrichments can increase sows’ interactions with the enrichment while mainting the same constant enrichment will result in habituation and disinterest over time. The straw enrichment produced the greatest response resulting in the largest number of sows interacting with the enrichment 24 percent of sows were present in the enrichment area when straw was provided, compared to 12 per cent when no enrichment was provided (Control).
2017 Spring Producer Meetings
Posted in: Pork Insight Articles, Prairie Swine Centre, Press Releases by admin on March 21, 2017 | No Comments
Three producer meetings will be held across Western Canada throughout April 2017
Meeting locations will consist of Swift Current, Saskatchewan (April 11), Strathmore, Alberta (April 12), and Portage la Prairie, Manitoba (April 25). For more information please contact Ken Engele @ Prairie Swine Centre
Incorporating health and safety in the decision-making process
Posted in: Pork Insight Articles, Prairie Swine Centre by admin on March 13, 2017 | No Comments
Canadian pork production has made a tremendous transition from smaller family farms into large-scale high-production barns. This transition has spurred several process changes and technological advancements throughout the Pork Value Chain. So let’s say you are presented with a new technology, tool, or method to help production. How do you decide if it is going to have a net benefit to your business?
There are a lot of things to consider: implementation and maintenance costs, productivity impacts, worker and manager preferences, food safety and animal handling regulations. Worker health and safety is another consideration that can impact the bottom line. For example, if a new tool increases risk factors for injury, injury and work loss may require overtime or recruiting and training replacement workers to make up for absenteeism. Although technological innovations may have an impact on worker health and safety, these impacts (whether positive or negative) can be difficult to quantify and integrate with business decisions.
To address this, the Prairie Swine Centre is collaborating with the Canadian Centre for Health and Safety in Agriculture at the University of Saskatchewan to evaluate the health and safety effects of new technologies. This will help producers decide if they want to adopt a new technology. The goal of this project is to develop a suite of performance measures (a ‘toolkit’) which can be applied to decision-making about to new technologies. The specific technology we are investigating in this study is needle-less injectors, and we are comparing them with conventional needle injectors in a comprehensive evaluation that attempts to incorporate all the decision-making factors.
This last summer we conducted ergonomic evaluations at the Prairie Swine Centre during nursery pig injections and piglet processing. More than 650 injections were assessed using electromyography (EMG) to measure muscle activation and forces in the hand and wrist, as well as a posture sensor glove which records finger, hand, and wrist position during injection tasks. Processing is currently underway to determine muscle force and hand/wrist posture for each injection method. The study is still ongoing. This year we will conduct interviews on worker preferences, compare injury rates before and after the adoption of the needle-less injector, and evaluate the cost of each method.
For more information on this and other ergonomics studies, check out the Ergonomics Lab website of the Canadian Centre for Health and Safety in Agriculture : http://research-groups.usask.ca/ergolab/index.php
Higher than Previously Believed Canola Meal Inclusions Possible In Nursery Pig Diets
Posted in: Pork Insight Articles, Prairie Swine Centre by admin on February 28, 2017 | No Comments
Farmscape for February 28, 2017
A Professor with the University of Manitoba suggests canola meal can be used in ration formulations for nursery pigs at much higher levels than had been previously believed.
“An Update on Canola Meal Utilization in Swine Rations” was among the topics discussed earlier this month as part of the 2017 Manitoba Swine Seminar.
Dr. Martin Nyachoti, a Professor in the Animal Science Department of the University of Manitoba, says the perception has been that, because canola meal contains a high level of fibre, you can’t use a lot of it in the diet however, while it is true that canola meal used to have high levels of antinutritional factors, new canola varieties and new processing techniques have taken care of many of those concerns and, if diets are formulated properly, the high fibre isn’t a problem.
Clip-Dr. Martin Nyachoti-University of Manitoba:
Canola is a good source of protein.
It’s considered a protein supplement because it has about 40 percent protein but it does also bring other nutrients such as phosphorus, it has a very high content of phosphorus and it does have a significant amount of energy.
It is used in the industry and it has been used for a long time but we think more of it could be used.
The key with any diet is that the animal needs to be able to eat the feed.
So as long as they can consume the amount of feed that’s good and number two, as long those diets are formulated properly we can use a lot more canola meal than what we have always believed to be the case.
For example, today I talked about levels of upwards of 25 percent in a nursery pig diet.
That’s very very high, than what anybody else would have thought about, including myself, only a few years ago.
Dr. Nyachoti says the impact on profitability of including higher levels of canola meal in the ration will depend largely on the cost of the competing ingredients but, considering there’s a lot of canola meal produced in Manitoba and in western Canada, the economics would tend to favor its utilization because we have a lot of it around.
For Farmscape.Ca, I’m Bruce Cochrane.
*Farmscape is a presentation of Sask Pork and Manitoba Pork
Reducing Temperature Requirements for Group Housed Sows to Save Cost
Posted in: Pork Insight Articles, Prairie Swine Centre by admin on February 7, 2017 | No Comments
Work at Prairie Swine Centre indicates that sows in group housing systems will maintain room temperatures between 9 to12 0C, leading to approximately 78% reduction in energy consumption when compared to gestation rooms maintained at pre-set temperature of 16.50C.
Conversion of gestation sow housing from stalls to group systems has been mandated in the recently revised Canadian Code of Practice for the Care and Handling of Pigs, with all sow farms expected to adopt this practice by July 2024 (NFACC, 2014). In order to take advantage of these legislative changes, the hog industry is looking for management options that will take advantage of potential merits of group sow housing, in order to ensure successful implementation group housing systems in all farms.
One such advantage of group housing systems is that sows can better interact with and control their immediate environment, including thermal conditions. Research results at Prairie Swine Centre indicate sows housed in groups have the freedom to exhibit thermoregulatory behaviour such as huddling to maintain comfort even when the temperature in the barn is lowered. Temperatures currently maintained in barns when sows are housed in stalls are based on the current published lower critical temperature (LCT). Allowing the temperature to drop below this LCT will require additional feed to maintain the sow body condition and weight gain over the gestation period.
It has been widely thought that sows housed in groups may have LCT values significantly lower than 15°C when given the ability to utilize behavior such as huddling. If group-housed sows can maintain body condition and weight gain at temperatures lower than currently maintained in sow barns without the need for additional feed, the potential exists to significantly reduce energy costs for heating and ventilation, reducing the overall cost of production. Currently, energy/utility costs rank third in total cost of production, only behind feed and labour cost.
However, some issues anticipated with group-housed sows include the potential for higher activity levels and aggression among sows. These problems are heightened when sows are put on a restricted feeding regime, which is a common practice for gestating sows to maintain optimal body condition. The sensation of feeling “full” is improved when high-fiber diets are fed; these diets are also known to reduce the urge to feed continuously, reducing the sow overall activity, and repetitive behaviours.
Dietary fiber increases heat production in sows without increasing digestible energy. As such, adding fiber to the diet can be a means of reducing activity and limiting aggression in sows under reduced barn temperature. The addition of fiber to the diet could be a means of addressing behavioral issues associated with grouped-sows as well as contributing to the energy balance of sows under reduced barn temperature.
What temperatures do group-housed sows prefer? This is one of the questions the study set out to answer.
The project consisted of two phases of experiments; the first phase utilized environmental chambers followed by tests in actual group-housed gestation rooms. Results from the first phase of the study indicated that throughout the trial a pattern was observed where temperature changes occur mainly during the day when sows are mostly active, as barn operations were carried out (between 7 AM-3 PM); beyond this period, lights in both chambers are turned off. Room temperatures at the time sows activated the operant mechanism was also recorded. Average temperature when the operant mechanism was activated was considerably lower at 12.5°C for the sows fed with high heat-increment (high fibre) diet. This suggests the sows could tolerate lower temperatures before calling for supplemental heat compared to sows fed with standard gestation diet.
In terms of performance, sows fed with standard gestation diet had an ADG of 0.16 kg/day on average over the trial period. While sows fed with high heat-increment diet were able to tolerate lower temperatures and performed slightly better with average ADG of 0.20 kg/day.
The second phase of the project configured two barn rooms for group housing, with each room housing 28 gestating sows. One room was operated at a typical set-point temperature (16.5°C) while an operant mechanism was installed in the other room, allowing the sows to control the temperature. Similar to Phase 1, temperature fluctuations occurred mainly during the day (7AM-3PM) when sows are mostly active and when the actual switch presses occurred. Preliminary results for Phase 2 of the project have shown that sows could tolerate temperature lower than the typical 16.5°C set-point maintained in gestation barns with sows maintaining temperatures about 5 °C lower than in a pre-set room, leading to about 78% reduction in energy consumption. At current energy prices, this 78% reduction in energy consumption would improve the producers’ profitability by more than $5.00/hog during the heating season
The Importance of Nitrogen for Growth
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After energy, protein is the second most expensive nutrient in swine rations but utilization tends to be low. Retention of dietary nitrogen in pigs ranges from 30% to 60% of intake with much of this inefficiency the result of catabolism of excess amino acid/protein intake or unbalanced amino acid supply. This catabolism represents an energetic cost to the animal, reducing performance, and results in an increase in nitrogen excretion into the environment. Due in part to the contribution of dietary protein to total feed costs and the environmental impact of feeding excess protein, considerable research has been conducted to determine dietary requirements for essential amino acids.
While essential amino acid requirements are well-defined, there has been a general lack of research into requirements for non-essential amino acids and total dietary nitrogen. With the increased availability of affordable crystalline amino acids, it has become possible to feed reduced protein diets while maintaining essential amino acid content and growth performance. However, the endogenous production of non-essential amino acids requires a source of nitrogen, therefore, in situations where total dietary nitrogen is limited, as could be the case in reduced protein diets with supplemental crystalline amino acids, essential amino acids will be used to meet requirements for non-essential amino acid production.
A concept familiar to ruminant nutritionists is the provision of sources of non-protein nitrogen (i.e., urea and ammonia) and reliance on production of amino acids by rumen microbes. In addition to dietary supplementation with non-protein nitrogen, it has been well established in both non-ruminant and ruminant animals that a proportion of urea produced from amino acid catabolism enters the gastrointestinal tract where gut microbes are capable of utilizing the urea for amino acid production. This process, referred to as urea recycling, represents an important salvage mechanism to improve nitrogen retention during times of protein deficit, and presents an opportunity to both reduce feed costs and improve efficiency. However, the contribution of microbial amino acid production to meeting amino acid requirements in non-ruminants is not clear.
In order to more fully understand the utilization of nitrogen for lean gain in growing pigs, a series of studies were performed at the University of Guelph. These studies were designed to determine the ability of pigs to utilize sources of non-protein nitrogen under a variety of dietary conditions.
Study 1 – Utilization of non-protein nitrogen in pigs fed a diet limiting in an essential amino acid
A nitrogen-balance study was performed to determine the impact of infusion of urea or casein in the hindgut on whole-body nitrogen retention in growing pigs (n = 10; 22 ± 1.8 kg initial body weight) fed a valine-limiting diet (cornstarch-soybean meal based). Pigs were assigned to receive an infusion of saline (control), urea, or casein (40% of dietary protein intake) into the cecum in a Latin square design. Fecal and urine output were measured daily and samples obtained for determination of nitrogen output and nitrogen retention. A continuous infusion of isotopically labelled urea (15N15N-urea) was given for determination of urea production, urea excretion, and urea recycling. It was hypothesized that nitrogen is absorbed from the hindgut as ammonia which may contribute to the amino acid supply of the pig through urea recycling and microbial amino acid production in the small intestine. The majority of the infused nitrogen was absorbed and protein deposition (114, 128, and 130 g/d; P < 0.01) was improved with infusion of both casein and urea, but did not differ between the two treatments. Urea flux and urinary nitrogen excretion increased similarly for both nitrogen infusions indicating that nitrogen absorbed from the hindgut is in the form of ammonia. The efficiency of utilizing nitrogen absorbed from the hindgut was approximately 18%. This indicates that while pigs can utilize non-protein nitrogen to correct an essential amino acid deficiency, this is likely not efficient enough to be a viable dietary alternative.
Study 2 – Utilization of non-protein nitrogen in pigs fed a nitrogen-limiting diet
A nitrogen-balance study was performed to determine the impact of infusion of urea or casein in the hindgut on whole-body nitrogen retention in growing pigs (n = 9; 17 ± 0.3 kg initial body weight) fed a cornstarch-soybean meal based diet formulated to be limiting in non-essential amino acids (high essential to total nitrogen ratio) but met requirements for essential amino acids. Pigs were assigned to receive an infusion of saline (control), or urea at 1.5 g/d or 3.0 g/d into the cecum in a Latin square design. Fecal and urine output were measured daily and samples obtained for determination of nitrogen output and nitrogen retention. A continuous infusion of isotopically labelled urea (15N15N-urea) was given for determination of urea production, urea excretion, and urea recycling. It was hypothesized that nitrogen absorption from the hindgut can be used for endogenous non-essential amino acid production and increase body protein deposition in pigs fed a diet deficient in non-essential amino acids. Whole-body nitrogen retention (4.86, 6.40, and 7.75 g/d; P < 0.01) and average daily gain (267, 314, and 360 g/d; P < 0.05) were improved with increasing amounts of urea infused into the hindgut but there was no impact on urea kinetics. The efficiency of utilization of nitrogen in this study was nearly 100% for both amounts of urea infused indicating that non-protein nitrogen absorbed from the hindgut can be used efficiently for body protein deposition under conditions of dietary non-essential amino acid deficiency.
Study 3 – Dietary supplementation with ammonia and growth performance
A study was performed to determine the effect of addition of different sources of nitrogen to a diet limiting in non-essential amino acids on growth performance of growing pigs. A total of 36 growing pigs (15 ± 1.0 kg initial body weight) were fed a cornstarch-casein based diet deficient in non-essential amino acids (control) but met requirements for essential amino acids and supplemented with either urea, ammonium citrate, glutamate, or a mix of non-essential amino acids, each at two levels (1.37 or 2.75% additional dietary protein). Average daily gain (367, 399, 404, and 402 g/d; P < 0.01) and gain:feed (0.38, 0.42, 0.42, 0.42 kg/kg; P < 0.01) was lowest when supplemental urea was provided but was similar on all other sources of non-essential nitrogen and improved with increasing level of nitrogen provided (363, 387, 429 g/d ADG for 0, 1.37, and 2.75%, respectively; P < 0.001). These results indicate that pigs can utilize a source of non-protein nitrogen as efficiently as non-essential amino acids for growth when fed a diet deficient in total nitrogen.
Overall, these studies demonstrate that pigs are capable of utilizing non-protein nitrogen for body protein deposition and growth in diets limiting in either essential amino acids or total nitrogen. However, the results from these studies need to be interpreted with caution since conditions under which utilization were measured (for example, use of cornstarch based diets) do not replicate commercial practices. With increased use of alternative ingredients and co-products with potentially lower protein digestibility and continued use of crystalline amino acids in reduced-protein diets, it may become increasingly important to consider total dietary nitrogen supply and, therefore, further research into nitrogen utilization is required.
The research in this article was performed at the University of Guelph. Funding for this research was provided by Ontario Pork, Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food, and Rural Affairs (OMAFRA), the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC), Swine Research and Development Cluster, Swine Innovation Porc, and Evonik Industries AG.
Managing Feeding to Reduce Feed Wastage in Lactation
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Feed is the single largest cost associated with producing pork, ranging from 50-70% of the total cost of production. When looking to save money in their feeding programs, producers typically consider the finishing herd as it represents approximately two-thirds of the total feed cost. One area that can be easily overlooked is lactation feeding strategies and delivery.
Traditionally most producers feed lactating sows manually, feeding sows up to three times per day in order to maximize feed intake and optimize litter performance. However, providing large quantities of feed may result in increased feed wastage or spoilage. One technology pork producers have utilized to maximize lactation performance is electronic feeding systems for sows during lactation. These systems have multiple advantages over manual feed delivery including collection of feed intake data, controlled delivery of fresh feed, reduced feed wastage, and lower labour costs, however, these feed systems can be costly to install and maintain.
A project at Prairie Swine Centre set out to develop a modified feeding system which provides the advantage of the delivery of fresh feed to the sow without the expense of the electronic feeding system. A simple feeding system was developed which consisted of a feed drop tube which extends to approximately one inch above the base of the feeder, requiring the sow to manipulate the tube to release small quantities of feed.
A total of 45 sows and litters were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 feeding systems, consisting of manual feeding, a commercially available electronic sow feeder, and the modified system. Sow body weight, back fat, and body condition score were recorded when moved into the farrowing room and at weaning, 21 days post-farrowing. Sow feed intake was recorded daily with any spoiled feed being removed, weighed, and feed intake adjusted. Litter growth performance was measured weekly over the 3 week lactation.
What did we find?
The type of feeding system used had no effect on sow body weight, body condition score, or back fat. There was a slight decrease in litter average daily gain in the third week post-farrowing on the electronic feeding system when compared to manual feeding, however, this did not result in a difference in overall litter weight. Sow feed intake was significantly higher with manual feeding when compared to the other two feeding systems in the first two weeks of lactation, but this difference was no longer evident in the third week.
For pork producers, what’s the most important impact?
This study demonstrated that manual feeding of sows during lactation can result in higher feed usage with no corresponding increase in sow or litter productivity. At today’s feed prices the reduction in feed intake associated with the electronic or modified feeding system would save producers an estimated $8.50 per lactation when compared to manual feeding. Therefore, the electronic and modified feeding should be considered to minimize feed wastage and maximize returns. While both systems would reduce feed usage and labour costs associated with feeding, higher costs associated with the electronic feeding system needs to be weighed against additional benefits, such as automatic recording of feed intake when considering which system to implement in their facility.
ATP bioluminescence effective cleanliness assessment tool
Posted in: Pork Insight Articles, Prairie Swine Centre by admin on December 22, 2016 | No Comments
It has been estimated that on any given day about 1 million pigs are being transported in the United States. To move that many hogs, it also has been estimated that approximately 3,000 trucks are zig-zagging across the country. Hogs aren’t the only things carried by these trucks and trailers, as it has been widely recognized that transportation is a significant risk for transmission of swine diseases.
The presence of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus has reinforced the importance of ensuring that transport trailers are properly washed, disinfected and inspected for organic debris and microbial contamination prior to use. Most of the time, producers and haulers rely on visual inspection of equipment to confirm cleanliness after washing, cleaning, disinfection and drying. Occasionally, microbiological testing via culture method has been used.
http://www.nationalhogfarmer.com/animal-welfare/atp-bioluminescence-effective-cleanliness-assessment-tool