Alternative ingredients may be able to provide feed costs savings, but with the increased use of them the price is also rising, so precise formulation should be used. Predicting energy values of alternative feed ingredients remains a problem, as values can vary between sources and between batches. As well, the digestible energy content may be different than what is actually available to the animal (net energy). Digestible amino acids need to be considered, and synthetic amino acids can be used to supplement if the ingredients are lacking. Fermentable fibres can also increase the need for supplemented threonine. Non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) are degraded through fermentation in the gut, so NSPase enzymes can be added to break down NSPs and increase digestible energy. Phytase can be added to feed to release phytate-bound phosphorous and make it available to the pig, so phosphorous supplementation can be reduced. Some ingredients have naturally occurring phytase already, and additional levels can be lowered or not needed. Feeding fermented feed can be beneficial, but is not possible for dry feeds. For liquid feeding, fermented ingredients can provide reduced phytate levels, can increase beneficial intestinal microbials, and possibly benefit the immune system.