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Prairie Swine Centre is an affiliate of the University of Saskatchewan
Prairie Swine Centre is grateful for the assistance of the George Morris Centre in developing the economics portion of Pork Insight.
Financial support for the Enterprise Model Project and Pork Insight has been provided by:
Ammonia Emissions from Livestock Buildings and Slurry Sreading in the Netherlands
Posted in: Environment by admin on January 1, 1988 | No Comments
Pig unit ammonia (273 mg NH3/pig.hour) is equivalent to 1 fattening pig, or 78 laying hens (daily removal of droppings), 12 hens (with open slurry storage), 4 laying hens (with deep pit manure system or eq.). The livestock production is considered as an input-output nitrogen model system constituted of 2 parts, the animal and the slurry system. As P present in system doesn’t change much, ratio N:P are considered in the fresh manure and after storage. Ammonia model consider all the nitrogen stages of the system being intake (feed content), yield (meat, eggs, milk, ) direct losses and litter added. As mentioned by other authors, the ammonia emissions are related to the manure surface. A table presenting ammonia production/ animal place-year is also presented for different animals and different production systems.
A Self Environmental Audit for Dairy Farm Ground Water Quality.
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In Connecticut for the use of dairy farmers, a self-evaluation environmental audit has been developed to monitor the nitrate in the ground water. This audit was directed toward nitrate concerns and was realized using a simple, inexpensive test strip procedure for an approximate evaluation of the nitrate present in the ground water of the farmstead. The information obtained from this nitrate test procedure is self-evaluated by the farmer and taken into account the specific nitrogen management practices and environmental conditions of the farm. This publication presents the methodology used to implement this program in Connecticut and the experience coming from such program.
This type of self audit helps develop farmers’ individual awareness of the impact of their production and management practices on water and particularly on their own water quality. The action taken by the farmers may be understood in another way as education as being provided and they are the first to diagnose the problem.
Ammonium in Rainwater Collected Around a Farm and in a Suburban Area
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Many sampling sites were considered in this experiment during one year even if the surroundings of only one livestock building were investigated with a control zone in a suburban area. Important variations in the results make the analysis difficult. As regional differences exist and different building systems exist, more investigations are needed to understand the impact of ammonium in rainwater around farms.
Control of Ammonia Emissions with Biofilters and Bioscrubbers
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The biofilter and bioscrubber systems are well presented with details on the operation and on the capacity of both systems. The authors stress the fact that both systems will maintain a good efficiency only if they are well maintain and operated under controlled conditions. The biofilter material need to be changed and disposed properly as it is the case also for the sludge produced by the bioscrubber. Both substrates become charged with nutrients that hav to be disposed according to this charge.
Ammonia Loss from Surface-Applied Animal Slurry under Sustained Drying Conditions in Autumn
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The authors mention that the ammonia emissions obtained may be considered as the maximum obtainable losses under autumn conditions, as the no precipitation occurred during the experimental period and precipitation is know to lower ammonia emissions considerably.
Controlling odors from swine buildings
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Odor control on a swine confinement facility can be a major concern to the farmer. Problems with odor can arise in the form of neighbor complaints and can occasional lead to legal proceedings. Using odor preventive strategies, the community and the hog facility can happily coexist. An odor is a subjective measure, what determines a bad odor is highly dependent on individuals’ attitude, and past experience. Facilities, which appear clean and aesthetic from the exterior, are much less susceptible to complaints. Complaints of water pollution, flies, and noise, can be avoided by choosing an adequate location during the design phase of the facility. Generally speaking, gases and other compounds produced in swine farming seldom exceed safe air standards that are hazardous to humans. Only under certain situations (manure agitation) do dangerous gas concentrations prevail. Thus, odors are seen as nuisance pollutants. Utilizing the appropriate preventive measures most of these nuisances can be avoided.
Measuring Ammonia Emission from Livestock Buildings and its Legal Regulation in Hungary
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Increasing problems on natural environment, pollution of water reserves, and are seen in Hungary as a result of the raising of large-scale livestock activities. Several devices for ammonia concentration evaluation of the air coming from ventilation are available for manual or semi-automatic sampling. The use of appropriate electric sensors leads to direct measures of ammonia concentration and measuring instruments can also be used for follow the variation in time of the concentration emitted. New laws have been adopted in Hungary to protect the purity of air and limit the emissions depending on the geographical location and the current load in this area. The emissions limits for ammonia vary from 1 to 1,5 kg/h and fine (equivalent to $0-50 US per ton of pollutant) are imposed for units that exceed this emission limit.
The publication is more oriented toward cattle and broiler production. However the ammonia emission level considered in the regulation is common to all livestock production. The level of ammonia emissions from a livestock building of 1 – 1,5 kg / h can be brought down to an ammonia concentration of mg/m3 and return than to the ventilation rate in m3/h. No links are make to a number of animals which make an analysis difficult.
Climate Control Systems and Equipment – Heating, Energy Conservation and System Failure
Posted in: Energy by admin on January 1, 1987 | No Comments